The mild steel with low phosphorus is vulnerable to corrosion while higher phosphorus often results in hot crack by fusion welding. The present study evaluated microstructures and mechanical properties of high phosphorus steels joined by friction stir welding below the A1 temperature. The microstructure was analysed considering various phosphorus contents, and mechanical properties were assessed by digital image correlation. The results suggest that alloying elements (nickel, chromium and niobium) contribute to the refinement of pearlite in the base metal and cementite in the stir zone. The increasing phosphorus improves the microhardness and strength of friction stir welded joints but weakens the ductile behaviour. The added alloying elements can enhance the ductile behaviour and mechanical strength at the same time.
HanX, YangD, FrangopolD.Optimum maintenance of deteriorated steel bridges using corrosion resistant steel based on system reliability and life-cycle cost. Eng Struct. 2021; 243:112633.
2.
AliR, ChaY.Subsurface damage detection of a steel bridge using deep learning and uncooled micro-bolometer. Constr Build Mater. 2019; 226:376–387.
3.
ChenQ, WangC, SunX, Evaluation and prediction for effect of conductive gussasphalt mixture on corrosion of steel bridge deck. Constr Build Mater. 2019; 228:116837.
4.
HongJ, LeeS, KimJ, Corrosion behaviour of copper containing low alloy steels in sulphuric acid. Corrosion Sci. 2012; 54:174–182.
5.
HeY, YooK, ParkJ, TEM study the corrosion behavior of the low alloy steels developed for flue gas desulfurization system. Mater Charact. 2018; 142:540–549.
6.
RodriguesC, BandeiraR, DuarteB, Effect of phosphorus content on the mechanical, microstructure and corrosion properties of supermartensitic stainless steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2016; 650:75–83.
7.
ZhangQ, WuJ, WangJ, Corrosion behavior of weathering steel in marine atmosphere. Mater Chem Phys. 2003; 77:603–608.
8.
MontoyaP, DíazI, GranizoN, An study on accelerated corrosion testing of weathering steel. Mater Chem Phys. 2013; 142:220–228.
9.
DeepakJ, RajaV, GupthaM, Experimental investigation of mechanical properties of welded Corten steel A588 grade plate using ER70S-6 filler material for construction application. IOP Conf Series Mater Sci Eng. 2017; 197:012067.
10.
KrivyV, KreislovaK, UrbanV.Experimental corrosion tests on weathering steel bridges. Solid State Phenom. 2015; 227:537–540.
11.
LiuW, LiuJ, PanH, Synergisic effect of Mn, Cu, P with Cr content on the corrosion behavior of weathering steel as a train under the simulated industrial atmosphere. J Alloy Compd. 2020; 834:155095.
12.
ÇamG, İpekoğluG, KüçükömeroğluT, Applicability of friction stir welding to steels. J Achiev Mater Manuf Eng. 2017; 80:65–85.
13.
ZhangY, ShiG, SunR, Effect of Si content on the microstructures and the impact properties in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of typical weathering steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019; 762:138082.
14.
Japanese Industrial Standard Committee. Superior atmospheric corrosion resisting rolled steels; 2021. Japanese.
15.
BenoitA, JobezS, PaillardP, Study of inconel 718 weldability using MIG CMT process. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2011; 16:477–482.
16.
VasudevanM, ArunkumarV, ChandrasekharN, Genetic algorithm for optimisation of A-TIG welding process for modified 9Cr-1Mo steel. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2010; 15:117–123.
17.
ZhaoY, ShiX, YanK, Effect of shielding gas on the metal transfer and weld morphology in pulsed current MAG welding of carbon steel. J Mater Process Technol. 2018; 262:382–391.
18.
RavikumarS, VishalJ, VigramK, Material characteristic study of cold rolled graded thin sheet by using TIG welding process for rail coaches. J Eng Appl Sci. 2017; 12:5527–5531.
19.
VairamaniV, MohanN, KarthikeyanS, Optimization and microstructure analysis of Corten steel joint in mag welding by post heat treatment. Mater Today. 2020; 21:673–680.
20.
KondoA, YamadaK, OnoA.Fatigue tests of welded joints of weathering steel and structural steel weathered for 25 years. J Jpn Soc Civ Eng A. 2007; 63:434–443. Japanese.
21.
ThomasW, NicholasE, NeedhanJ, International patent application PCT/GB92/02203 and GB patent application 9125978.8. UK Patent Office. 1991 Dec 6.
22.
InadaK, FujiiH, JiY, Effect of gap on FSW joint formation and development of friction powder processing. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2010; 15:131–136.
23.
MorisadaY, ImaizumiT, FujiiH.Clarification of material flow and defect formation during friction stir welding. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2015; 20:130–137.
24.
El-BatahgyA, MiuraT, UejiR, Investigation into feasibility of FSW process for welding 1600 MPa quenched and tempered steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2016; 651:904–913.
25.
FujiiH, CuiL, TsujiN, Friction stir welding of carbon steels. Mater Sci Eng A. 2006; 429:50–57.
26.
SorgerG, SarikkaT, VilaçaP, Effect of processing temperatures on the properties of a high-strength steel welded by FSW. Weld World. 2018; 62:1173–1185.
27.
WangY, TsutsumiS, KawakuboT, Microstructure and mechanical properties of weathering mild steel joined by friction stir welding. Mater Sci Eng A. 2021; 823:141715.
28.
KawakuboT, NagiraT, UshiodaK, Friction stir welding of high phosphorus weathering steel-weldabilities, microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. ISIJ Int. 2021; 61:2150–2158.
29.
KawakuboT, NagiraT, UshiodaK, Friction stir welding of high phosphorus weathering steel-weldabilities, microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. Tetsu-to-Hagane. 2020; 106:892–901. Japanese.
30.
WangY, TsutsumiS, KawakuboT, Effects of phosphorus content on fatigue performance of friction stir welded mild steels. Constr Build Mater. 2022; 324:126682.
31.
ZolghadrP, AkbariM, AsadiP.Formation of thermo-mechanically affected zone in friction stir welding. Mater Res Express. 2019; 6:086558.
32.
DmitrievA, KolubaevE, NikonovA, Study patterns of microstructure formation during friction stir welding. June 30-July 5, 2014. St. Petersburg, Russia. Proceedings of XLII international summer school-conference APM. p. 10–16.
33.
CuiL, FujiiH, TsujiN, Transformation in stir zone of friction stir welded carbon steels with different carbon contents. ISIJ Int. 2007; 47:299–306.
