This study investigates the gas tungsten arc (GTA) weldability of austenitic stainless steel (STS) 304 using STS 308L and high-entropy alloy (HEA) fillers and its applicability in cryogenic environments. Because the grain sizes of both weld metals (WMs) were coarser than those of base metal (BM), and all WMs have a few phase transformations, the tensile properties of all WMs were worse than that of the BM. However, the tensile strength and elongation of HEA weld at 77 K increased simultaneously than those at 298 K, whereas the elongation of STS 308L weld decreased at 77 K than that at 298 K. All WMs exhibited excellent tensile strengths at 77 K, attributable to martensite transformations and deformation twins, respectively.
SarıcaK, TynerWE.Economic impacts of increased U.S. exports of natural gas: an energy system perspective. Energies. 2016; 9(6):1–16. doi:10.3390/en9060401.
2.
BrownKE, HottleTA, BandyopadhyayR, Evolution of the United States energy system and related emissions under varying social and technological development paradigms: plausible scenarios for Use in robust decision making. Environ Sci Technol. 2018; 52:8027–8038. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b00575.
3.
ParkWS, ChunMS, HanMS, Comparative study on mechanical behavior of low temperature application materials for ships and offshore structures: part I-experimental investigations. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011; 528(18):5790–5803. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2011.04.032.
4.
KimJH, ParkWS, ChunMS, Effect of pre-straining on low-temperature mechanical behavior of AISI 304L. Mater Sci Eng A. 2012; 543:50–57. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2012.02.004.
5.
YeKL, LuoHY, LvJL.Producing nanostructured 304 stainless steel by rolling at cryogenic temperature. Mater Manuf Process. 2014; 29:754–758. doi:10.1080/10426914.2014.901534.
ParkWS, YooSW, KimMH, Strain-rate effects on the mechanical behavior of the AISI 300 series of austenitic stainless steel under cryogenic environments. Mater Des. 2010; 31(8):3630–3640. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2010.02.041.
8.
OhEJ, LeeJH, ChoSW, Effect of carbon content on intergranular corrosion of welding heat affected zone in 304 stainless steel. J Weld Join. 2019; 37(4):322–332. doi:10.5781/JWJ.2019.37.4.6.
9.
YangW, KilW, MoonB, Tensile and microstructural behaviors of austenitic stainless steel GTA welds for cryogenic application. J Weld Join. 2020; 38(4):400–408. doi:10.5781/JWJ.2020.38.4.10.
10.
ParkSY, KangY, OhD, Solidification cracking susceptibility of the weld metal of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel. J Weld Join. 2021; 39(1):45–50. doi:10.5781/JWJ.2021.39.1.5.
11.
DattaP, UpadhyayaGS.Sintered duplex stainless steels from premixes of 316L and 434L powders. Mater Chem Phys. 2001; 67:234–242. doi:10.1016/S0254-0584(00)00477-6.
12.
MohammedGR, IshakM, AqidaSN, Effects of heat input on microstructure, corrosion and mechanical characteristics of welded austenitic and duplex stainless steels: a review. Metals. 2017; 7(39):1–18. doi:10.3390/met7020039.
13.
KimSJ, HongSG.A study on pitting initiation mechanism of super-austenitic stainless steel weld in chloride environment. J Mater Res. 2016; 31(21):3345–3351. doi:10.1557/jmr.2016.347.
14.
YuriT, OgataT, SaitoM, Effect of welding structure and δ-ferrite on fatigue properties for TIG welded austenitic stainless steels at cryogenic temperatures. Cryogenics. 2020; 40:251–259. doi:10.1016/S0011-2275(00)00033-3.
15.
DingH, WuY, LuQ, Tensile properties and impact toughness of S30408 stainless steel and its welded joints at cryogenic temperatures. Cryogenics. 2018; 92:50–59. doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2018.04.002.
16.
HenkeSL, MüllerM, TakanoEH, Microstructure and fatigue strength in a low-carbon martensite stainless steel remelted by plasma torch. Weld Int. 2016; 30(4):277–282. doi:10.1080/09507116.2015.1096479.
17.
OttoF, DlouhýA, SomsenC, The influences of temperature and microstructure on the tensile properties of a CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy. Acta Mater. 2013; 61(15):5743–5755. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2013.06.018.
18.
JoYH, JungS, ChoiWM, Cryogenic strength improvement by utilizing room-temperature deformation twinning in a partially recrystallized VCrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy. Nat Commun. 2017; 8(15719):1–8. doi:10.1038/ncomms15719.
19.
MoonJU, YuanshenQ, TabachnikovaE, Microstructure and mechanical properties of high-entropy alloy Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 processed by high-pressure torsion at 77 and 300 K. Sci Rep. 2018; 8(11074):1–12. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29446-y.
20.
HeQF, DingZY, YangY.Design of high-entropy alloy: a PErspective from nonideal mixing. JOM. 2017; 69(11):2092–2098. doi:10.1007/s11837-017-2452-1.
21.
OttoF, YangY, BeiH, Relative effects of enthalpy and entropy on the phase stability of equiatomic high-entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2013; 61(7):2628–2638. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2013.01.042.
22.
StepanovN, TikhonovskyM, YurchenkoN, Effect of cryo-deformation on structure and properties of CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy. Intermetallics. 2015; 59:8–17. doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2014.12.004.
23.
SunSJ, TianYZ, LinHR, Enhanced strength and ductility of bulk CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy having fully recrystallized ultrafine-grained structure. Mater Des. 2017; 133:122–127. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2017.07.054.
24.
TirunilaiAS, SasJ, WeissKP, Peculiarities of deformation of CoCrFeMnNi at cryogenic temperatures. J Mater Res. 2018; 33(19):3287–3300. doi:10.1557/jmr.2018.252.
25.
WuZ, DavidSA, FengZ, Weldability of a high entropy CrMnFeCoNi alloy. Scripta Mater. 2016; 124:81–85. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.06.046.
26.
ZhuZG, SunYF, NgFL, Friction-stir welding of a ductile high entropy alloy: microstructural evolution and weld strength. Mater Sci Eng A. 2018; 711:524–532. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2017.11.058.
27.
ParkSW, ParkCH, NaYS, Effects of (W, Cr) carbide on grain refinement and mechanical properties for CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloys. J Alloys Compd. 2019; 770:222–228. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.08.115.
28.
ParkSW, NamHB, NaYS, Effect of initial grain size on Friction stir weldability for rolled and cast CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys. Met Mater Int. 2020; 26:641–649. doi:10.1007/s12540-019-00466-1.
29.
NamHB, ParkCH, KimCH, Effect of post weld heat treatment on weldability of high entropy alloy welds. Sci Technol Weld Joi. 2018; 23(5):420–427. doi:10.1080/13621718.2017.1405564.
30.
NamHB, ParkCH, MoonJU, Laser weldability of cast and rolled high-entropy alloys for cryogenic applications. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019; 742:224–230. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2018.11.009.
31.
NamHB, ParkSW, ChunEJ, Laser dissimilar weldability of cast and rolled CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys for cryogenic applications. Sci Technol Weld Joi. 2020; 25(2):127–134. doi:10.1080/13621718.2019.1644471.
32.
WuZ, DavidSA, LeonardDN, Microstructures and mechanical properties of a welded CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy high-entropy alloy. Sci Technol Weld Joi. 2018; 23(7):585–595. doi:10.1080/13621718.2018.1430114.
33.
OliveiraJP, CuradoTM, ZengZ, Gas tungsten arc welding of as-rolled CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy. Mater Des. 2020; 189(108505):1–12. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108505.
34.
NamHB, ParkSW, ParkNK, Weldability of cast CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys using various filler metals for cryogenic applications. J Alloys Compd. 2020; 819(153278):1–7. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153278.
35.
NamHB, KangNH.Welding and cladding technology for high-entropy alloys. Trends Met & Mater Eng. 2020; 30(1):62–72.
36.
MaD, YaoM, PradeepKG, Phase stability of non-equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2015; 98:288–296. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2015.07.030.
37.
LeeKJ, ChunMS, KimMH, A new constitutive model of austenitic stainless steel for cryogenic applications. Comput Mater Sci. 2009; 46(4):1152–1162. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2009.06.003.
38.
ChoiMH, LeeJH, NamHB, Tensile and microstructural characteristics of Fe-24Mn steel welds for crygenic applications. Met Mater Int. 2020; 36(2):240–247. doi:10.1007/s12540-019-00320-4.
39.
DasA.Revisiting stacking fault energy of steels. Metall Mater Trans A. 2016; 47A:748–768. doi:10.1007/s11661-015-3266-9.
40.
SchrammRE, ReedRP.Stacking fault energies of seven commercial austenitic stainless steels. Metall Trans A. 1975; 6A:1345–1351. doi:10.1007/BF02641927.
