The mechanism of grain structure development for pure Cu and Cu-30Zn with a low stacking fault energy (SFE) during friction stir welding was examined by changing the peak temperatures. Increase in the peak temperature caused the inhibition of discontinuous dynamic recrystallisation (DDRX) owing to the promotion of dynamic recovery. Further, grain refinement occurred dominantly by the frequent annealing twinning. The B/
{112}⟨110⟩ simple shear texture was highly developed without the 45° rotated cube component, which originated from the DDRX. The mechanism for grain structure development, including the DDRX and the annealing twinning was determined by the ratio of peak to the recrystallisation temperature rather than the melting temperature irrespective of the pure Cu and Cu-30Zn with a low SFE.
FondaRW, BingertJF, ColliganKJ.Development of grain structure during friction stir welding. Scr Mater. 2004; 51:243–248. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.04.017
2.
ParkHS, KimuraT, MurakamiT, Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welds of 60% Cu-40% Zn copper alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2004; 371:160–169. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2003.11.030
3.
FujiiH, CuiL, TsujiN, Friction stir welding of carbon steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2006; 429:50–57. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2006.04.118
4.
HeidarzadehA, SaeidT, KlemmV.Microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of friction stir welded commercial brass alloy. Mater Charact. 2016; 119:84–91. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2016.07.009
5.
MishraRS, MaZY.Friction stir welding and processing. Mater Sci Eng. 2005; R50:1–78. doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2005.07.001
6.
MironovS, InagakiK, SatoYS, Microstructural evolution of pure copper during friction-stir welding. Philos Mag. 2015; 95:367–381. doi: 10.1080/14786435.2015.1006293
7.
PrangnellPB, HeasonCP.Grain structure formation during friction stir welding observed by the ‘stop action technique’. Acta Mater. 2005; 53:3179–3192. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.03.044
8.
XuN, UejiR, FujiiH.Enhanced mechanical properties of 70/30 brass joint by rapid cooling friction stir welding. Mater Sci Eng A. 2014; 610:132–138. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2014.05.037
9.
LiuXC, WuCS, PadhGK.Characterization of plastic deformation and material flow in ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding. Scr Mater. 2015; 102:95–98. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.02.022
10.
FujiiH, ChungYD, SunYF.Friction stir welding of AISI 1080 steel using liquid CO2 for enhanced toughness and ductility. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2013; 18:500–506. doi: 10.1179/1362171813Y.0000000128
11.
LiuXC, SunYF, NagiraT, Experimental evaluation of strain and strain rate during friction stir welding of pure copper. Sci Tech Weld Join. 2019; 24:352–359. doi: 10.1080/13621718.2018.1556436
12.
LiuXC, SunYF, NagiraT, Microstructure evolution of Cu-30Zn during friction stir welding. J Mater Sci. 2018; 53:10423–10441. doi: 10.1007/s10853-018-2313-5
13.
HumphreysJ, RohrerGS, RollettA.Recrystallization and related annealing phenomena, third ed.Oxford: Elsevier; 2017.
14.
MironovS, InagakiK, SatoYS, Development of grain structure during friction-stir welding of Cu-30Zn brass. Philos Mag. 2014; 94:3137–3148. doi: 10.1080/14786435.2014.951712
15.
NagiraT, LiuXC, UshiodaK, Role of annealing twinning in microstructural evolution of high purity silver during friction stir welding. Sci Tech Weld Join. 2019; 24:644–651. doi: 10.1080/13621718.2019.1592931
16.
NagiraT, LiuXC, UshiodaK, Influences of temperature and Sn-addition on microstructural evolution of Ag during FSW. Sci Tech Weld Join. 2020; 25:198–207. doi: 10.1080/13621718.2019.1665859
17.
Metal Data Book. The Japan Institute of Metals. Maruzen; 2004. p. 11.
18.
HamasakiM.On the recrystallization of single solid solution alloys. Kagoshima University research report, Kagoshima, Japan, 1962;2:17−22.
19.
SakaiT, BelyakovA, KaibyshevR, Dynamic and post-dynamic recrystallization under hot, cold, and severe plastic deformation conditions. Prog Mater Sci. 2014; 60:130–207. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.09.002
20.
FondaRW, KniplingKE.Texture development in friction stir welds. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2011; 16:288–294. doi: 10.1179/1362171811Y.0000000010
21.
LiuXC, SunYF, NagiraT, Strain rate dependent micro-texture evolution in friction stir welding of copper. Materialia. 2019; 6:100302. doi: 10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100302
{112}⟨110⟩ simple shear texture was highly developed without the 45° rotated cube component, which originated from the DDRX. The mechanism for grain structure development, including the DDRX and the annealing twinning was determined by the ratio of peak to the recrystallisation temperature rather than the melting temperature irrespective of the pure Cu and Cu-30Zn with a low SFE.