A 3D electro-thermomechanical model is established in order to investigate liquid metal embrittlement. After calibration to a dual phase steel of the 1000 MPa tensile strength class, it is used to analyse the thermo-mechanical system of an experimental procedure to enforce liquid metal embrittlement during resistance spot welding. In this procedure, a tensile stress level is applied to zinc coated advanced high strength steel samples during welding. Thereby, liquid metal embrittlement formation is enforced, depending on the applied stress level and the selected material. The model is suitable to determine and visualise the corresponding underlying stresses and strains responsible for the occurrence of liquid metal embrittlement. Simulated local stresses and strains show good conformity with experimentally observed surface crack locations.
BrauserS, PepkeLA, WeberG, Deformation behaviour of spot-welded high strength steels for automotive applications. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010; 527:7099–7108. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.07.091
2.
PouranvariM, MarashiSPH.Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure and properties. Sci Technol Weld Joining. 2013; 18:361–403. doi: 10.1179/1362171813Y.0000000120
3.
BrauserS, PepkeLA, WeberG, Influence of production-related gaps on strength properties and deformation behaviour of spot welded trip steel HCT690 T. Weld World. 2012; 56:115–125. doi: 10.1007/BF03321342
4.
GaulH, WeberG, RethmeierM.Influence of HAZ cracks on fatigue resistance of resistance spot welded joints made of advanced high strength steels. Sci Technol Weld Joining. 2011; 16:440–445. doi: 10.1179/1362171810Y.0000000031
5.
FreiJ, RethmeierM.Overview and new developments in research on resistance spot welding of advanced high strength steels. In: 5th International Conference on Steels in Cars and Trucks; 2017. pp 1–8.
6.
JosephB, PicatM, BarbierF.Liquid metal embrittlement: a state-of-the-art appraisal. Eur Phys J Appl Phys. 1999; 5(1):19–31. doi: 10.1051/epjap:1999108
7.
FreiJ, SuwalaH, GumenyukA, Bestimmung der Rissanfälligkeit von hochfesten Stählen beim Widerstandspunktschweißen. Mater Test. 2016; 58:7–8. doi: 10.3139/120.110904
8.
MilititskyM, PakalninsE, JiangC, On characteristics of DP600 resistance spot welds. SAE 2003 World Congr. Exhibition. 2003.
9.
NicholasMGG, OldCF.Liquid metal embrittlement.J Mater Sci. 1979; 14:1–18. doi: 10.1007/BF01028323
10.
BhattacharyaD.Liquid metal embrittlement during resistance spot welding of Zn-coated high-strength steels. Mater Sci Technol. 2018:1–21.
11.
KamdarMH.Liquid metal embrittlement. In: BriantCL, BanerjiSK, editors. Treatise on materials science and technology. New York (NY): Academic press; 1983. p. 361–459.
12.
AugerT, LorangG.Liquid metal embrittlement susceptibility of T91 steel by lead–bismuth. Scr Mater. 2005; 52:1323–1328. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.02.027
13.
BealC.Mechanical behaviour of a new automotive high manganese TWIP steel in the presence of liquid zinc [Thesis]. France: Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon; 2011.
14.
AshiriR, HaqueMA, JiCW, Supercritical area and critical nugget diameter for liquid metal embrittlement of Zn-coated twining induced plasticity steels. Scr Mater. 2015; 109:6–10. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.07.006
15.
HuhH, KangWJ.Electrothermal analysis of electric resistance spot welding processes by a 3-D finite element method. J Mater Process Technol. 1997; 63:672–677. doi: 10.1016/S0924-0136(96)02705-7
16.
FeulvarchE, RobinV, BergheauJM.Resistance spot welding simulation: a general finite element formulation of electrothermal contact conditions. J Mater Process Technol. 2004; 153–154:436–441. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.096
17.
WinkH-J, KrätschmerD.Charakterisierung und Modellierung des Bruchverhaltens von Punktschweißverbindungen in pressgehärteten Stählen Teil II – Simulation des Schweißprozesses. 11. LS-DYNA Forum. Ulm, Germany; 2012.
18.
PakkanenJ, VallantR, KičinM.Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of resistance spot welding for residual stress evaluation of DP1000 steel. Weld World. 2016; 60:393–402. doi: 10.1007/s40194-016-0301-4
19.
BabuSS, SantellaML, FengZ, Empirical model of effects of pressure and temperature on electrical contact resistance of metals. Sci Technol Weld Joining. 2001; 6:126–132. doi: 10.1179/136217101101538631
20.
RogeonP, CarreP, CostaJ, Characterization of electrical contact conditions in spot welding assemblies. J Mater Process Technol. 2008; 195:117–124. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.04.127
ZhangH, SenkaraJ.Resistance welding – fundamentals and application. Boca Raton (FL): Taylor & Francis Group; 2006.
25.
GoldakJA, AkhlaghiM.Computational welding mechanics. New York (NY): Springer Science & Business Media; 2005.
26.
SchwenkC, RethmeierM.Material properties for welding simulation – measurement, analysis, and exemplary data. Weld J. 2011; 90:220–227.
27.
SchwenkC.FE-Simulation des Schweißverzugs lasergeschweißter dünner Bleche – Sensitivitätsanalyse durch Variation der Werkstoffkennwerte. Berlin; 2007.
28.
HarlinN, JonesTB, ParkerJD.Weld growth mechanism of resistance spot welds in zinc coated steel. J Mater Process Technol. 2003; 143–144:448–453. doi: 10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00447-3
29.
SEP 1220-2:2011 testing and documentation guideline for the joinability of thin sheet of steel – part 2: resistance spot welding. Stahlinstitut VDEh
30.
RazmpooshMH, MacwanA, BiroE, Liquid metal embrittlement in laser beam welding of Zn-coated 22MnB5 steel. Mater Des. 2018; 155:375–383. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.05.065
31.
KimYG, KimIJ, KimJS, Evaluation of surface crack in resistance spot welds of Zn-coated steel. Mater Trans. 2014; 55:171–175. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.M2013244
