This review focuses on recent literature related to development of scales for measuring reading attitudes. The scales are reviewed under the headings of self-report instruments, direct observation, and projective techniques. General criteria for attitude scale construction related to item development, response set contamination, and statistical procedures are discussed. Conclusions relative to the state-of-the-art in attitude measurement as it relates to reading are presented. Also included are supplementary bibliographies listing sources on measurement and the affective domain, inventories and bibliographies of affective measures, attitude toward school, attitude measurement and instrument development, attitude measurement in subject areas and in relation to curriculum innovation, and attitude measurement in reading.
References
1.
AlexanderJ. EstillFillerRonald ClaudeAttitudes and Reading. Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association, 1976.
2.
AllportGordon W. Attitudes in FishbeinMartin (Ed.) Readings in Attitude Theory & Measurement. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967. pp. 3–13.
3.
AskovEunice N.Development of an instrument measuring attitudes toward reading in primary pupils. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Los Angeles, 1969. ED 027 164.
4.
BoningThomasBoningRichardI'd rather read than. Reading Teacher, 1957, 11, 196–200.
5.
BonjeanCharles M.HillRichard D.McLemoreS. DaleSociological Measurement: An Inventory of Scales and Indices. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co., 1967.
6.
BrachtGlenn H.Experimental factors related to aptitude-treatment interactions. Review of Educational Research1970, 40, 627–645.
7.
BullenGertrude, F.A study in motivating children to read. Paper read at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Minneapolic, Minnesota, 1970. ED 040 018.
8.
BullenGertrude F.The development and validation of a reading attitude measure for elementary school children. Washington, D.C.: Office of Education, Project No. 1AO45, 1972.
9.
CampbellD.T.Social Attitudes and other acquired behavioral dispositions. In KochS. [Ed.) Psychology: A Study of Science, Vol. 6. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963. pp. 94–172.
10.
CampbellD. T.FiskeDonald W.Convergent and discriminate validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. In FishbeinMartin (Ed.) Readings in Attitude Theory & Measurement. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967. pp. 282–289.
11.
CampbellD.T.MillerN.LubetskyJ.O'ConnellD.Varieties of projection in trait attribution. Psychological Monographs1964, 71 (whole 592).
12.
ChunKi-TaekCobbSydneyFrenchJohn R.P.Measures for Psychological Assessment, A Guide to 3,000 Original Sources and their Applications. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Institute for Social Research, 1976.
13.
ClarkRicharde (Ed.) Sources of Information About Aptitude-Treatment Interactions, 1975. ED 116 627.
14.
CronbachL.J.The two disciplines of scientific psychology. The American Psychologist, 1957, 12, 671–684.
15.
CronbachL.J. How can instruction be adapted to individual differences? In GagneR.M. (Ed.) Learning and Individual Differences. Columbis, Ohio: Merrill Books, 1967.
DulinKenneth L.RobertD. ChesterA validation study of the Estes Attitude Scale. Journal of Reading1974, 17, 56–59.
18.
DulinKenneth L.ChesterRobert D.Plausibility — judgments of pro and con arguments as an indirect measure of eleventh graders' attitudes toward books and reading. In NackePhil L. (Ed.) Interaction: Research and Practice for College-Adult Reading. Clemson, South Carolina: Twenty-Third Yearbook of the National Reading Conference, 1974, pp. 214–218.
19.
EbelR.L.The future of the measurement of abilities II. Educational Researcher1973, 2, 5–12.
20.
EdwardsAllen L.Techniques of Attitude Scale Construction. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1957.
21.
EstesT.H.A scale to measure attitudes toward reading. Journal of Reading, 1971, 15, 135–138.
22.
EstesThomas H.Assessing attitudes toward reading. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Reading Association, Detroit, 1972, ED 063 077.
23.
EstesT. H.JohnstoneJulie P.Assessing attitudes toward reading: a validity study. In NackePhil L. (Ed.) Interaction: Research and Practice for College-Adult Reading. Clemson, South Carolina: Twenty-Third Yearbook of the National Reading Conference, 1974, pp. 219–223.
24.
EstesThomas H.JohnstoneJulie P.RichardsHerbert C.Estes Attitude Scales Manual for Administration and Interpretation, Charlottesville, Virginia: Virginia Research Associates, 1975.
25.
FiddlerJerry BenThe standardization of a questionnaire to ascertain the attitude toward reading of sixth-grade pupils. (Doctoral Dissertation, New York University)Dissertation Abstracts1974, 34, 298.
26.
FishbeinMartin (Ed.) Readings in Attitude Theory and Measurement. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967.
27.
GardnerP.L.Attitude measurement: a critique of some recent research. Educational Research1975, 17, 101–109.
28.
GlaserR.Individuals and learning: the new aptitudes. Educational Researcher1972, 1, 5–13.
29.
GoodCarter (Ed.) Dictionary of Education. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1973.
30.
GreenbergJudith W.GerverJoan M.ChallJeanneDavidsonHelen H.Attitudes of children from a deprived environment toward achievementn related concepts. Journal of Educational Research1965, 59, 57–61.
31.
GreeneJohn F.ZirkelPerry A.A review of instrumentation to assess reading attitudes in the elementary grades. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, April 1976.
32.
GuttmanLouis, A basis for scaling qualitative data. In SummersGene F. (Ed.) Attitude Measurement. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1970. pp. 174–186.
33.
GurneyDavidThe effect of an individual reading program on reading level and attitude toward reading. The Reading Teacher1966, 19, 277–280.
34.
HakeJ.M.Covert motivation of good and poor readers. The Reading Teacher1967, 22, 731–738.
HeathingtonBetty SueThe development of scales to measure attitude toward reading. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee, 1975. (Abstract).
37.
HeimbergerM.J.Sartain reading attitude inventory. Paper presented at the convention of the Pennsylvania Educational Research Association, Pittsburgh, April, 1970. ED 045 291.
38.
HeiseDavid R.The semantic differential and attitude research. In SummersGene F. (Ed.) Attitude Measurement. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1970. pp. 235–253.
JohnsonJ.C.JacobsonM.D.Some attitudinal and comprehension factors operating in the middle grades. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 1968, 28, 825–832.
41.
KemperRichard EugeneAn investigation of seventh grade students' attitudes toward reading as measured by the Semantic Differential. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh)Dissertation Abstracts1970, 30, 337.
42.
KennedayLarry D.HalinskiRonald S.Measuring attitudes: an extra dimension. Journal of Reading1975, 18, 518–22.
43.
KhanS. B.WeissJoelThe teaching of affective responses. In RobertM.W. Travers (Ed.) Second Handbook of Research on Teaching, Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1973. pp. 759–804.
44.
KidderLouise H.CampbellDonald T.The indirect testing of social attitudes in SummersGene F. (Ed.) Attitude Measurement. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1970. pp. 333–385.
45.
KuhnT.The structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
46.
LakeDale G.MilesMatthew B.EarleRalph B.Measuring Human Behavior. New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University, 1973.
47.
LemonNigelAttitudes and Their Measurement. New York: Halstead Press, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1973.
48.
LikertRensisA technique for the measurement of attitudes. In SummersGene F. (Ed.) Attitude Measurement. Chicago: Rand McNalley & Co., 1970. pp. 149–158.
49.
LipskyJ.A.Students' imaginative reactions to pictures; a means for studying their attitude toward reading. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling1971, 5, 266–272.
50.
LoweryLawrence F.Development of an attitude measuring instrument for science education. School Science and Mathematics1966, 64, 494–502.
51.
LoweryLawrence F.GrafftWilliamPaperback books and reading attitudes. The Reading Teacher1968, 21, 618–623.
52.
MikuleckyLarry JosephPersonal conversation. International Reading Association Convention, Anaheim, California, May, 1976.
53.
McGuireWilliam J.The nature of attitudes and attitude change. In LindzeyGardnerAronsonElliot (Eds.) The Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. III. Menlo Park, California: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1969, pp. 136–314.
Pennsylvania State Department Of Educaiton. Attitudes Toward Reading Scale, 1975, ED 117 647.
56.
De SollaPrice Derek J.Little Science, Big Science. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.
57.
RobinsonJohn B.RuckJerrold G.HeadKendra B.Measures of Political Attitudes. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1973.
58.
RobinsonJohn P.ShaverPhilip R.Measures of Social Psychological Attitudes. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1975.
59.
RobinsonJohn P.AthanasionRobertHeadKendra B.Measures of Occupational Attitudes and Occupational Characteristics. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1969.
60.
RowellGlennonC.An attitude scale for reading. The Reading Teacher1972, 25, 442–447.
61.
San Diego County, California Department Of Education. An inventory of Reading Attitude. San Diego, California: Superintendent of Schools, Department of Education. 1961. ED 028 893.
62.
ScottWilliam A.Attitude measurement. In LindzeyGardnerAronsonElliot (Eds.) The Handbood of Social Psychology, Vol. II. Menlo Park, California: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1969. pp. 204–273.
63.
SellsSaul B.TritesDavid K. Attitudes In HarrisChester W. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Educational Research. New York: Macmillan and Co., 1960. pp. 102–115.
64.
ShawMarvin E.WrightJack M.Scales for the Measurement of Attitudes. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967.
65.
ShirleyFehl L.The influence of reading on concepts, attitudes and behavior. Journal of Reading1969, 12, 369–372, 407–413.
66.
SniderJ.G.OsgoodE.C.E., Semantic Differential Technique: A source Book. Chicago: Aldine, 1969.
67.
SolomonI.I.KleinM.I.StarrB.D.The school apperception method. Journal of School Psychology1966, 4, 28–35.
68.
SternG.G.Measuring non cognitive variables in teaching. In GageL. (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Teaching. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1963.
69.
StevensGeorge LeoAn investigation of the relationship between adult attitudes toward reading and reading skills before and after a reading improvement course. Unpublished doctoral dissertaition, University of Maryland, 1974. (Abstract).
ThurstoneL. L.Attitudes can be measured. In SummersGene F. (Ed.) Attitude Measurement. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1970. pp. 127–141.
72.
ThurstoneL.L.ChaveE.J.The scale values. In SummersGene F. (Ed.) Attitude Measurement. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1970 pp. 142–148.
73.
TriandisHarry C.Attitude and Attitude Change. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1971.
74.
TuckmanB.W.The differentiated outcome hypothesis or when will we stop using conventional achievement as the only criterion for evaluation of conventional instruction? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, April 1974.
ZimbardoPhilipEbbesenEbbe B.Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior. Menlo Park, California: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1970.
78.
ZimmermanI.L.AllebrandG.N.Personality characteristics and attitude toward achievement of good and poor readers. Journal of Educational Research, 1965, 59, 28–30. ADDITIONAL SOURCES The following listing includes additional sources of interest in three areas: (I) Measurement and the Affective Domain, (II) Attitudinal Measurement in Education, and (III) Attitudinal Measurement in Reading. I Measurement and the Affective Domain General Discussion.
79.
BradleyRobert H.CaldwellBettye M.Issues and Procedures in Testing Young Children. Princeton, New Jersey: ERIC Clearinghouse for Tests, Measurement and Evaluation, December 1974.
80.
DonlonThomas F.Testing in the Affective Domain. Princeton, New Jersey: ERIC Clearinghouse for Tests, Measurement and Evaluation, December, 1974.
81.
GammelJ.D.A Concept Paper on the “Measuring of Affect”. Columbis, Ohio: Batelle Center for Improved Education, February, 1975. ED 113 387.
82.
HansenLee H.Toward a program of testing in the affective domain. Symposium paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois, April, 1972. ED 064 337.
83.
RadocyRudolf, E.Quantification of affective behavior. Paper presented at the conference of the National Council on Measurement, Chicago, Illinois, April, 1974. ED 090 265.
84.
ZimilesHerbertA radical and regressive solution to the problem of evaluation. Paper presented at the meeting of the Minnesota Round Table in Early Childhood Education, Wayzata, Minnesota, June, 1973. ED 097 958.
85.
Inventories and Bibliographies of Affective Measures.
86.
BeattyWalcott H. (Ed.) Improving Educational Assessment & An Inventory of Measures of Affective Behavior. Washington, D.C.: National Education Association, 1969.
87.
BommaritoJamesJohnsonOrval G.A study of a Measurement Resource in Child Research, Project Head Start. Washington, D.C.: Office of Economic Opportunity Project No. OEO 2452 (undated) ED 020 790.
88.
BorichGary D.Handbook of Evaluation Instruments for Preparing Educational Personnel for the Handicapped. ED 088 906.
89.
ComreyAndrew L.BeckerThomas E.GlaserEdward M.A sourcebook for Mental Health Measures. Volume 1, New York: Behavioral Publications, 1974.
90.
GoldmanBertSaundersJohn L.Directory of Unpublished Experimental Mental Measures. Volume 1, New York: Behavioral Publications, 1974.
91.
HoepfnerRalphCSE-RBS Test Evaluations: Tests of Higher-Order Cognitive, Affective, and Interpersonal Skills. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Research for Better Schools, 1972. ED 076 713.
JohnsonOrval G.BommaritoJames E.Tests and Measurements in Child Development: A Handbook. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass Inc., 1971.
94.
KetchamWarren A.MorseWilliam C.Dimension's of Children's Social and Psychological Development Related to School Achievement. Ann Arbor, Michigan, University of Michigan, 1965. ED 003 250.
95.
McDonoughMarleneSaulinoRaymondA Classification of Measures of Affective Performance. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Educational Management Development Center, Carnegie-Mellon University, March, 1975.
96.
MayerVictor J., Handbook of Unpublished Evaluation Instruments in Science Education. Columbia, Ohio: Ohio State University Center for Science and Mathematics Education, 1973.
97.
MayerVictor I.Unpublished Evaluation Instruments in Science Education: A Handbook. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Center for Science and Mathematics Education, 1974.
98.
MorseWilliam C.MungerRichard L.Affective Development in Schools: Resource Programs and Persons, 1975. ED 115 568.
99.
SimonAnitaBoyerE.Gil Mirrors for Behavior: An Anthology of Class-Room Observation Instruments. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Research for Better Schools, 1970.
100.
SollederMarian K.Evaluation Instruments in Health Education. An Annotated Bibliography of Tests of Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior for Elementary Secondary and College Levels. Washington, D.C. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 1969.
101.
SuydamMarilyn N.Unpublished Instruments in Mathematics Education. An Annotated Listing. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Center for Science and Mathematics Education, 1974. II Attitudinal Measurement in Education Attitude Toward School.
102.
BallSamuelAssessing the Attitudes of Young Children Toward School. Princeton, New Jersey: Educational Testing Service, August, 1971.
103.
BeardJacob B.ConfeyJohn S.A state-wide assessment of opinions about school. Chicago, Illinois: Paper presented at the convention of the National Council on Measurement in Education, April, 1974. ED 090 267.
104.
BlairMarkKershnerKeith M.Assessment of student attitudes toward learning environments. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research, Washington, April, 1975. ED 110 500.
105.
CarterHarold D.Measures of attitude toward school. California Journal of Educational Research1969, 20, 186–192.
106.
CullenRobert J.KatzenmeyerConrad G.Achievement and ability corelates of components of school attitude among eighth grade students. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Minneapolis, Minnesota: March, 1970. ED 042 807.
107.
Ducette. Joseph, Wolk StephenAbility and achievement as moderating variables of student satisfaction and teacher perception. Journal of Experimental Education1972, 41, 12–17.
108.
EashMaurice J.TalmageHarrietEvaluation of Learning Environments, 1975. ED 117 187.
109.
FinchJohn Fall, 1974 South Carolina Student Survey and Attitude Inventory, May 1975. ED 111 876.
110.
GodfreyErnestine (Ed.) Intelligence. Achievement, Self-Concepts, and Attitudes Among 1,216 Typical Sixth- and Seventh-Grade Students in Fourteen North Carolina Public Schools. Winston-Salem, North Carolina, North Carolina Advancement School, 1970. Ed 045 760.
111.
JacksonPhilip W.LahaderneHenriette M.Scholastic success and attitude toward school in a population of sixth graders. Journal of Educational Psychology1967, 58, 15–18.
112.
JeffsGeorge A.Student Attitude Survey, Clark High School. Las Vegas, Nevada. Clark County School District, (undated). ED 011 674.
113.
JohnsonLarryFaunceR.W.Minneapolis Secondary School Students' Attitudes Toward School by Achievement, Race and Sex. Minneapolis, Minnesota, Minneapolis Public Schools, April, 1973. ED 113 391.
114.
KeevesJ.P.Some Attitude Scales for Educational Research Purposes, 1974. ED 121 913.
115.
KilbaneMarian T.Development of an instrument to assess attitudes of high school students in compensatory programs. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting, American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois, April, 1972. ED 063 329.
116.
KleinStephen P.StricklandGuyThe Child's Attitude Toward School. Los Angeles, California: Center for the Study of Evaluation, U.C.L.A., 1970.
117.
LasseigneMary W.Assessing Attitudes of Jr. High School Students. Contemporary Education1974, 45, 139–141.
118.
MeierRobertMcDanielErnestA measure of attitude toward school. Educational and Psychological Measurement1974, 34, 997–998.
119.
NealeDaniel C.GillNoelTismiWernerRelationships between attitudes toward school subjects and school achievement. Journal of Educational Research1970, 63, 232–237.
120.
YamamotoKaoruThomasElizabethKarnsEdward A.School-related attitudes in middle-school age students. American Education Research Journal1969, 6, 191–206.
121.
Attitude Measurement and Instrument Development.
122.
AskovEunice K.Assessment of a System for Individualizing Reading Instruction, March, 1970. ED 040 840.
123.
AdcenL.Attitudes toward mathematics. Review of Educational Research1970, 40, 551–596.
124.
AdcenLewis R.Jr.Update on attitudes and other affective variables in learning mathematics. Review of Educational Research1976, 46, 293–311.
125.
AndrewsFrank M.WitheyStephen B.Developing measures of perceived life quality: results from several national surveys. New York: Paper presented at the American Sociological Association Annual Convention, August, 1973. ED 081 887.
126.
ArlinMarshall N.HillsDavidComparison of cartoon and verbal methods of school attitude assessment through multitrait-multimethod validation. Educational and Psychological Measurement1974, 34, 989–95.
127.
BakerStanley B.SlakterMalcolm J.Validity and reliability of the school counselor attitude inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance1975, 7, 239–242.
128.
BashookPhilip G.FosterStephen F.How many E's are there? A Critical analysis of problems concerning determination of evaluative factors of semantic differential scales. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting, American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, February, 1973. ED 076 676.
129.
BoggsJohn R.HerrscherBarton R.A Developmental Research Plan for Junior College Remedial Education Number 2 Attitude Assessment. L.A. Calif.: ERIC Clearinghouse for Jr. College Education, 1968.
130.
CircirelliVictor G.CowardRaymond T.CrabillC. MichaelStaltzFredW.Progress Report: Revision of the Purdue Social Attitudes Scales. Washington, D.C.: Office of Economic Opportunity, 1972. ED 106 333.
131.
ColwellDavidJamesJimMyungheeJungMarchisioJimDevelopment and Validation of an Instrument for Measuring Attitudes of Primary Students in a Large Urban School System. Seattle, Wash.: Seattle Public Schools Department of Planning Research and Evaluation, 1975.
132.
CookStuart W.Studies of Attitude and Attitude Measurement. Boulder, Colorado: Attitude Research Institute of Behavioral Science, 1966. ED 017 010.
133.
CrespiIrving, What kinds of attitude measures are predictive of behavior?Public Opinion Quarterly1971, 35, 327–34.
EagleMorris N.MullikenSusanThe role of affective ratings in intentional and incidental learning. American Journal of Psychology1974, 87, 409–23.
136.
EvantG.T.Standardization of selected semantic differential scales with secondary pupils. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, February 1971. ED 050 167.
137.
FurstEdward J.Measuring Human Relations Attitudes and Values with Situational Inventories. Fayetteville, Arkansas: College of Education, University of Arkansas, 1975. ED 106 318.
138.
GiguereConstance L.BakerEva L.The Development of Criterion-referenced Tests of Self-Concept and Attitudes Toward School. Los Angeles: University of California, 1972. ED 054 192.
139.
GordonLeonard V.Are there two extremeness response sets?Educational and Psychological Measurement1971, 31, 867–73.
140.
GreeneJohn F.ZirkelPerry A.The Validation of a Scale to Measure Cultural Attitudes, 1975. ED 117 246.
141.
HaldemanEdward G.Senior High Career Education Assessment Instruments Concerning Attitudes, January 1974. ED 114 722.
142.
HarvillLeo M.Evaluation of Several Methods for Measuring Young Children's Educational Attitudes. Vermillion, South Dakota, University of South Dakota, 1971. ED 056 059.
143.
HessRobert D.TorneyJudith V.New methods for measuring the development of attitudes in children. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Education, Cooperative Research Project No. S-209. 1965. ED 011 080.
144.
HoveyLarry M.Design of an instrument to measure teacher's attitudes towards experimenting. School Science and Mathematics1975, 75, 175–184.
145.
JaccardJamesWeberJohnLundmarkJamesA multitrait-multimethod analysis of four attitude assessment procedures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology1975, 11, 149–154.
146.
JacobsT.O.Developing Questionnaire items: How to Do it Well. Alexandria, Virgina: Human Resources Research Organization, 1974.
147.
KnappJoanAn Omnibus of Measures Related to School Based Attitudes. Princeton, New Jersey: Center for Statewide Educational Assessment, 1972.
148.
LambPoseThe Learning Experience Approach to Teaching Beginning Reading to Culturally Disadvantaged Pupils. January, 1971. ED 059 314.
149.
LewisJohnA pictorial attitude scale for elementary pupils. Educational and Psychological Measurement1974, 34, 461–2.
150.
LymC. LavorMurrayWayne R.Construction and investigation of the reliabilities of the school perception scales. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Washington, D.C., March 1975. ED 109 187.
151.
MayFrank B.An improved taxonomical instrument for attitude measurement. College Student Services1969, 3, 33–38.
152.
MurrayNorman B.Construction of a Thurstone attitude test. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the California Educational Research Association, San Diego, April, 1971. ED 058 306.
153.
OlesHenry B.Semantic differential for third through fifth grade students. Psychological Reports, 1973, 33, 24–26.
154.
PiersonEllery M.A comparison of reliabilities of graphic and semantic differential factors among sixth grade pupils. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting, American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, California, April 1976. ED 120 236.
155.
RoshalSol M.FriezeI.WoodS.T.A multitrait-multimethod validation of measures of student attitudes toward school, toward learning, and toward technology in sixth grade children. Educational and Psychological Measurement1971, 31, 999–1006.
156.
SchaeferEarlsEdgertonMariannaDevelopment of Inventories for Assessing Parent and Teacher Interaction and Involvement. Chapel Hill North Carolina, University of North Carolina Child Development Center, 1974. ED 105 980.
157.
SeveryLawrence J.Procedures and Issues in the Measurement of Attitudes. Princeton, New Jersey: ERIC clearinghouse on Tests, Measurements and Evaluation, December, 1974.
158.
SeveryLawrence J.Individual differences in helping dispositions. Journal of Personality Assessment1975, 39, 282–92.
159.
StewartThomas R.The linear model in attitude measurement: an example and some comments. Educational and Psychological Measurement1973, 33, 285–290.
160.
SzalayLorand B.WindleCharlesLysneDaleAttitude measurement by free verbal association. Journal of Social Psychology, 1970, 82, 43–55.
161.
WalkeyFrank H.BoshierRogerChanges in semantic differential responses over two years. Psychological Reports1969, 24, 1008–1010.
162.
Attitude Measurement in Subject Areas and in Relation to Curriculum Innovations.
163.
AikenL.R.Two scales of attitude toward mathematics. Journal of Research in Mathematics Education, 1074, 5, 67–71.
164.
ArlinMarshallPalmLindaThe interaction of open education procedures, student characteristics, and attitudes toward learning. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, August, 1974. ED 101 831.
165.
BillehVictor Y.ZakhariadesGeorge A.The development and application of a scale for measuring scientific attitudes. Science Education1975, 59, 155–165.
166.
BrownSallyAttitudes to Science, 1971. ED 120 019.
167.
BremmerBarbara L.Students Helping Students Program, 1971–72. Seattle, Washington. Seattle Public Schools, 1972. ED 074 473.
168.
DavisKeith G.BanningsJames H.The role of personality and attitude variables in programmed instruction. U.S. Office of Education, Washington, Project No. 6–8895, 1968. ED 022 364.
169.
DuttonW.StephensL.Measuring attitudes toward science. School Science and Mathematics1963, 63, 43–49.
170.
EstesThomas H.Measurement of students' attitudes toward what they study. In HerberHarold H.SandersPeter L. (Eds.). Research in Reading in the Content Areas. Syracuse, New York: Reading and Language Arts Centre, 1969.
FultonH.F.A comparative study of student attitudes toward science and the ability of the teacher to make material understandable in individualized and group approaches to BSCS biology. School Science and Mathematics1970, 70, 198–202.
173.
JacobsenKaareDrierHarry N.Attitudes towards career education: identification and change. Paper presented at the National Vocational and Technical Teacher Education Seminar, Dallas, Texas, October, 1973. ED 105 228.
174.
JacobsenKaareDrierHarry N.Jr.The Comprehensive Career Education Staff Development Questionnaire. 1974. ED 115 992.
175.
JonesReginald L.The hierarchical structure of attitudes toward the exceptional. Exceptional Children1974, 40, 430–5.
176.
KilbaneMarian T.Development of an instrument to assess attitudes of high school students in compensatory programs. Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, 1972. ED 063 329.
177.
LemlechJohanna K.Affective Involvement Instrument, 1970. ED 120 100.
178.
McCallonE.L.BrownJ.D.A semantic differential instrument for measuring attitude toward mathematics. Journal of Experimental Education1971, 39, 69–72.
179.
MusgroveWalter J.A scale to measure attitudes toward behavior modification. Psychology in the Schools1974, 11, 392–396.
180.
PearlRichard E.The present status of science attitude measurement; history, theory, and availability of measurement instruments. School Science and Mathematics1974, 74, 375–381.
181.
ReifleSheilaEdwards, AGNES C-BE Evaluation Instruments: A Descriptive Report, August, 1975. ED 115 210.
182.
ScharfE.S.Use of the semantic differential in measuring attitudes of elementary school children toward mathematics. School Science and Mathematics1971, 71, 641–649.
183.
SewellAlan F.DorseifAllan W.Controlled multivariate evaluation of open and traditional education at the junior high school level. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, April, 1974. ED 090 299.
184.
ToccoThomas S.Student attitudes, perceived parental attitudes, and socio-economic status as predictors of junior high school mathematics. Paper presented at the 49th annual meeting of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Anaheim, California, 1971. ED 052 017.
185.
VickersNolan LamarAn analysis of three methods of teaching English on the attitude and achievement of educationally deprived students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Mississippi State University, 1972. ED 075 814. (Abstract).
186.
WaughRussellMeasuring attitudes in the classroom. Australian Science Teachers Journal1975, 21, 101–104. III Attitudinal Measurement in Reading.
187.
AskovEunice N.FischbachThomas J.An investigation of primary pupil's attitudes toward reading. Journal of Experimental Education1973, 41, 1–7.
188.
AlexanderJ. EstillFillerRonald ClaudeMeasures of reading attitudes. Elementary English1975, 52, 376–8.
AzcoagaJuan E.Motivational and attitudinal influences on reading development. In KarlinRobert (Ed.) Reading for All. Newark, Delaware: Proceedings of the Fourth IRA World Congress on Reading, 1972, pp. 51–55.
BernsteinMargery R.Right to Read Evaluation: Mamaroneck Public Schools, 1972–71. June, 1972. ED 069 735.
193.
BlountNathan S.The effect of selected junior novels and selected adult novels on student attitudes toward the “ideal” novel. The Journal of Educational Research1965, 59, 179–182.
194.
CashdanAsherPumfreyP.E.Some effects of the remedial teaching of reading. Educational Research1969, 11, 138–142.
195.
CookeGwendolyn JeanThe effects of reading on student attitudes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, 1971. ED 071 015. (Abstract).
196.
CrandallAudrey HackettA comparison of reading attitude and reading achievement among first grade children in open concept and more formal classes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Connecticut, 1973. ED 084 497 (Abstract).
197.
EllisE.N.RintoulR.M.An Evaluation of an Individualized Reading Program, Grade 7, Sir Richard McBride Elementary School for the 1970–71 School Year, 1971. ED 058 252.
198.
Elmira City School District N.Y. Elementary Reading Inventory, 1969. ED 038 248.
199.
FaggianiWalter A.The relationship of attitude to response in the reading of a poem by ninth grade students. (Doctoral dissertation. New York University)Dissertation Abstracts1972, 32, 2301–A.
200.
FischmanBurton LloydCognitive and affective response to literary and non-literary materials. (Doctoral dissertation. University of Connecticut)Dissertation Abstracts1972, 32, 2302–A.
201.
FisherF.L.Influences of reading and discussion on the attitudes of fifth graders toward American Indians. Journal of Educational Research1968, 62, 130–134.
202.
GroffPatrick J.Children's attitudes toward reading and their criterion reading-abilities in four content type materials. Journal of Educational Research1962, 55, 313–318.
203.
HansenHarlan S.The impact of the home literacy environment on reading attitude. Elementary English1969, 46, 17–24.
HiragaMasumiSenior high school students' reading interests and attitudes. The Science of Reading1973, 17, 35–47.
206.
JohnsJerry L.ReadDonna J.The attitudes of inner-city and suburban students toward teachers' oral reading: a second report. Elementary English, 1972, 49, 187–189.
207.
KingEthel M.Critical appraisal of research on children's reading interests, preferences and habits. Canadian Education and Research Digest1967, 7, 312–26.
208.
LaddEleanorThe “Clip Sheet” — A test of reading attitudes. Reading Teacher1972, 25, 541–542.
209.
LaswellAnnReading Group Placement: Its Influence on Enjoyment of Reading and Perception of Self as a Reader, February, 1968. ED 011 816.
210.
LevensonStanleyThe attitudes and feelings of selected sixth grade children toward reading in ability groups. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, U.S. International University, 1972.
211.
LitcherJ.H.JohnsonD.V.Changes in attitudes toward negroes of white elementary school students after use of multi-ethnic readers. Journal of Educational Research1969, 60, 148–152.
212.
McAleerNancy MarieThe Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure the Attitudes of Fifth Grade Children Toward Literature, 1974. ED 114 832.
213.
MuellerDoris L.Teacher attitudes toward reading. Journal of Reading1973, 17, 202–205.
214.
OrrRobert StewartJr.The effect of a diagnostic-prescriptive individualized reading program on attitudes toward reading and school or remedial junior high school students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Washington State University, 1973. ED 090 491. (Abstract).
215.
RansburyM.K.Assessment of reading attitudes. Journal of Reading1973, 17, 25–28.
216.
RowellGlennonC.An investigation of factors related to change in attitude toward reading. Journal of Reading Behavior1972/73, 5, 266–272.
217.
SchotanusHelen D.The Relationship Between Difficulty of Reading Material and Attitude Toward Reading, 1967. ED 016 596.
218.
SheppsF.P.SheppsR.R.Relationship of study habits and school attitudes to achievement in mathematics and reading. Journal of Educational Research1971, 65, 71–73.
219.
SimonJohnA survey of reading habits: theme 4, literature. Washington, D.C., Superintendent of Documents, 1973. ED 078 366.
220.
SmithBernardStudent attitude toward reading. In CauseyOscar S.BliesmerEmery P. (Eds.) Research and Evaluation in College Reading. Fort Worth, Texas: Texas Christian University Press, 1960. pp. 36–41.
221.
RichardJ. SmithThe effect of reading for a creative purpose on student attitudes toward a short story. Madison, Wisconsin: Madison Public Schools, 1968. ED 017 437.
222.
SmithRichard J.BurnsThomasThe effects of different instructional practices on student enjoyment and interpretation of a ballad. Journal of Reading, 1970, 15, 345–354.
223.
SquireJ.R.What does research in reading reveal about attitudes toward reading?English Journal1969, 58, 523–533.
224.
SwansonMerlyn S.Choice, incentive, and dissonance mediated attitude change toward a reading assignment. (Doctoral dissertation, Loyola University of Chicago)Dissertation Abstracts1973, 33, 6819–6820-A.
225.
TeiglandAnn ElizabethHinesVynce A.GravesWilliamAn experimental study of individualized and basal reader approaches to teaching reading in grades one and two. Paper presented at the Conference of the American Educational Research Association, New York, 1971. ED 047 901.
226.
UroffShayleAn analysis of the reading achievement growth and opinions of students in grades 10–12 enrolled in remedial classes designed to meet State of California minimum reading standards. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Brigham Young University, 1972. ED 073 453. (Abstract).
227.
WheelessLawrence R.The relationship of attitude and credibility to comprehension. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, 1972. ED 078 455.
228.
YarlottG.HarpinW.S.1000 responses to English Literature — (1)Educational Research1970, 13, 3–11.
