The Cloze Procedure: A Conspectus

Beard J. G. Comprehensibility of high school textbooks: association with content area. Journal of Reading 1967, 11, 229–234.

Bloomer R. H. The cloze procedure as a remedial reading exercise. Journal of Developmental Reading 1962, 5, 173–181.

Bloomer R. H. Heitzman A. S. Prelisting and the efficiency of paragraph reading, Journal of Reading 1965, 8, 219–223.

Bormuth J. R. Cloze tests as measures of readability. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, 1962.

Bormuth J. R. Cloze as a measure of readability. In Figurel J. A. (Ed.), Reading as an intellectual activity, New York, New York: Scholastic Magazines, 1963.

Bormuth J. R. Experimental applications of cloze tests, In Figurel J. A. (Ed.), Improvement of reading through classroom practice. Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association, 1964.

Bormuth J. R. Macdonald O. L. Cloze tests as a measure of ability to detect literary style. In Figurel J. A. (Ed.) Reading and inquiry, Newark, Delaware: International Reading Conference, 1965a.

Bormuth J. R. Optimum sample size and cloze test length in readability measurement. Journal of Educational Measurement 1965b, 2(1), 111–116.

Bormuth J. R. Validities of grammatical and semantic classifications of cloze test scores. In Figurel J. A. (Ed.) Reading and inquiry. Newark, Delaware: Internation Reading Association, 1965c, 283–285.

Bormuth J. R. Readability: a new approach. Reading Research Quarterly 1966, 1 (3), 79–131.

Bormuth J. R. Comparable cloze and multiple-choice comprehension test scores. Journal of Reading 1967a, 11, 291–299.

Bormuth J. R. Cloze readability procedure. Los Angeles: Center for Study of Evaluation of Instructional Programs, University of California, 1967b.

Bormuth J. R. The implications and use of the cloze procedure in the eveluation of instructional programs, Report No. 3, (Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Evaluation of Instructional Programs, University of California, 1967c).

Bormuth J. R. New data on readability, Promising new research designs in the field of reading, Proceedings of the International Reading Association, Co-sponsored Meetings of the American Educational Research Association, Seattle, 1967d (in press), 2.

Bormuth J. R. Cloze test readability: criterion reference scores, Journal of Educational Measurement 1968, 5, 189–196.

Brooks S. T. Effects of locus of control and anxiety on the ability of mentally retarded children to use context in reading. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, George Peabody College for Teachers, 1962.

Carroll J. B. Wilds A.S. Wilds C. P. An investigation of cloze items in the measurement of achievement in foreign languages. Cited by E. F. Rankin, The cloze procedure—a survey of research. In Thurston E. L. Hafner L. E. (Eds.) Fourteenth Yearbook of the National Reading Conference. Milwaukee: National Reading Conference, 1965.

Cohen S. R. Predictability for deaf and hearing paraphrases. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1967, 6, 916–921.

Coleman E. B. Learning of prose written in four grammatical transformation. Journal of Applied Psychology 1965, 49, 332–341.

Coleman E. B. Experimental studies of readability, Part II. Elementary English 1968a, 45, 317–324.

Coleman E. B. Developing a technology of written instruction: some determiners of the complexity of prose. Symposium on verbal learning research and written instruction, Rothkopf Ernst Z. , (Ed.), New York: Rand McNally, 1968.

Coleman E. B. Blumenfeld J. P. Cloze scores of nominalizations and their grammatical transformations using active verbs. Psychological Reports 1963, 13, 651–654.

Coleman E. B. Miller G. R. A measure of information gained during prose learning. Reading Research Quarterly 1968, 3, 369–386.

Cranney A. A comparison of a free-response and multiple-choice cloze reading test. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1968.

Donahew L. Decoder behavior on incongruent political material. A pilot study. Journal of Communication 1966, 16, 133–142.

Feldstein S. Jaffe J. Language predictability as a function of psychotherapeutic interaction. Journal of Consulting Psychology 1963, 27, 123–126.

Fillenbaum S. Jones L. V. Rapoport A. Predictability of words and their grammatical classes as a function of rate of deletion from a speech transcript. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1963, 2, 186–194.

Fillenbaum S. Jones L. V. An application of cloze technique to the study of aphasic speech. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1962, 65, 183–189.

Fletcher J. E. A study of the relationships between ability to use context as an aid in reading and other verbal abilities. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, 1959.

Friedman M. The use of the cloze procedure for improving the reading comprehension of foreign students at the University of Florida. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, 1964.

Gallant R. An investigation of the use of cloze tests as a measure of readability of materials for the primary grades. Unpublished dissertation, Indiana University, 1964.

Gallant R. Use of cloze tests as a measure of readability in the primary grades. In Figurel J. A. (Ed.) Reading and inquiry. Newark, Delaware: International Reading Conference, 1965. 286–287.

Goldman-Eisler F. The predictability of words in context and the length of pauses in speech. Journal of Communication 1961, 11, 95–99.

Greene F. P. A modified cloze procedure for assessing adult reading comprehension. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1964.

Greene F. P. Modification of the cloze procedure and changes in reading tests performances. Journal of Educational Measurement 1965, 2, 213–217.

Greene F. P. Cloze symposium (with A. Gar Cranney, Richard Bloomer, Earl Rankin, Wendell Weaver, Erie Brown). In Schick G. B. May M. M. (Eds.) Seventeenth Yearbook of the National Reading Conference, Milwaukee: National Reading Conference, 1968.

Guice B. M. The use of the cloze procedure for improving reading comprehension of college students. Journal of Reading Behavior 1969, 1 (3), 81–90.

Hafner L. E. An experimental study of the effects on various reading achievement scores of teaching selected context aids to a group of fifth grade pupils. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, 1960.

Hafner L. E. Relationships of various measures to the cloze. In Thurston E. L. Hafner L. E. (Eds.) Thirteenth Yearbook of the National Reading Conference, Milwaukee: National Reading Conference, 1963.

Hafner L. E. Implications of the cloze. In Thurston E. L. Hafner L. E. (Eds.) Fourteenth Yearbook of the National Reading Conference, Milwaukee: National Reading Conference, 1963.

Hafner L. E. A one-month experiment in teaching context aids in fifth grade. Journal of Educational Research 1965, 58, 472–474.

Hafner L. E. Cloze procedure. Journal of Reading 1966, 10, 415–421.

Heitzman A. Bloomer R. The effect of non-overt reinforced cloze procedure upon reading comprehension. Journal of Reading 1967, 11, 213–223.

Honigfeld G. Effects of an hallucinogenic agent on verbal behavior. Psychological Reports 1963a, 13, 383–385.

Honigfeld G. The ability of schizophrenics to understand normal, psychotic, and pseudo-psychotic speech, Diseases of the Nervous System 1963b, 24, 692–694.

Honigfeld G. Platz A. Gillis R. Verbal style and personality: authoritarianism, The Journal of Communication 1964, 14, 215–218.

Jefferson G. L. Lexical and structural items as predictors of readability for high and low ability readers. Unpublished dissertation, University of Georgia, 1969.

Jenkins J. J. Commonality of associations as an indicator of more general patterns of verbal behavior. In Sebeok T. A. (Ed.) Style in language, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1960.

Jenkinson M. E. Selected processes and difficulties in reading comprehension. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, 1957. Cited by E. F. Rankin, The cloze-procedure—its validity and utility. In Causey O. S. Eller W. (Eds.) Eighth Yearbook of the National Reading Conference. Milwaukee: National Reading Conference, 1959.

King D. J. Cofer C. N. Exploratory studies of stories varying in the adjective-verb quotient. The Journal of General Psychology 1960, 62, 199–221.

Kingston A. J. Weaver W. W. Recent developments in reading appraisal. Journal of Reading, 1967, 44–47.

Kingston A. J. Weaver W. W. Feasibility of cloze technique for teaching and evaluating culturally disadvantaged beginning readers. Research and Development Center, University of Georgia, 1969.

Kirby C. A comparison of scores obtained on standardized oral and silent reading tests and a cloze test. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ball State University, 1967.

Klare G. R. The measurement of readability. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University, 1963, 84–85.

Klare G. R. Comments on Bormuth's readability: a new approach. Reading Research Quarterly 1966, 1(9), 119–125.

Knight D. W. The reading performance of students with ninth grade reading achievement on occupational information materials written with various levels of readability. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, 1966.

Kohler E. T. An investigation of cloze scores in terms of selected cognitive variables. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, 1966.

Louthan V. Some systematic grammatical deletions and their effects on reading comprehension. English Journal 1965, 54, 294–299.

Macgintie W. H. Contextual constraint in English prose paragraphs. Journal of Psychology 1961, 51, 121–31.

Mcleod J. Anderson J. Readability assessment and word redundancy of printed English. Psychological Reports 1966, 18, 35–38.

Manis M. Dawes R. M. Cloze scores as a function of attitude. Psychological Reports 1961, 9, 79–84.

Miller G. R. Coleman E. B. A set of 36 prose passages calibrated for complexity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1967, 6, 851–854.

Moores D. Application of cloze procedures to the assessment of psycholinguistic abilities of the deaf. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois, 1967.

Ohnmacht F. Weaver W. W. Kohler E. Cloze and closure: a factorial study. Unpublished.

Osgood C. E. Some effects of motivation on style of encoding. In Sebeok T. A. (Ed.). Style in language, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1960.

Rankin E. F. An evaluation of the cloze procedure as a technique for measuring reading comprehension. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1957.

Rankin E. F. The definition of reading comprehension. First Yearbook of the North Central Reading Association, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1959a.

Rankin E. F. Uses of the cloze procedure in the reading clinic. In Figurel J. A. , (Ed.). International Reading Association Conference Proceedings, New York: Scholastic Magazines, 1959b.

Rankin E. F. The cloze procedure—its validity and utility. In Causey O. S. Eller W. (Eds.) Eighth Yearbook of the National Reading Conference, Milwaukee: National Reading Conference, 1959c.

Rankin E. F. Reading test reliability and validity as function of introversion-extroversion. Journal of Development Reading 1963, 6, 106–117.

Rankin E. F. Closure and the cloze procedure. Third Yearbook of the North Central Reading Association, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1964.

Rankin E. F. Cloze procedure—a survey of research. In Thurston E. L. Hafner L. E. (Eds.) Fourteenth Yearbook of the National Reading Conference, Milwaukee: National Reading Conference, 1965.

Rankin E. F. Research vistas design and the cloze procedure. In Figurel J. A. (Ed.) Vista in reading. Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association, 1966.

Rankin E. F. Culhane J. Comparable cloze and multiple-choice comprehension test scores. Journal of Reading 1969, 13, 1.

Rankin E. F. Dale L. Cloze residual gain—a technique for measuring learning through reading. In Schick G. B. May M. M. (Eds.) Eighteenth Yearbook of the National Reading Conference, Milwaukee: National Reading Conference, 1969.

Rankin E. F. Hess A. K. The measurement of internal (intra-article) reading flexibility. Paper presented at National Reading Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 1969.

Rankin E. F. Overholser B. Reactions of intermediate grade children to contextual clues. Journal of Reading Behavior 1969, 1 (3), 50–73.

Ransom P. E. Determining reading levels of elementary school children by cloze testing. In Figurel J. A. (Ed.) Forging ahead in reading, Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association, 1968.

Rentel V. M. Form class and word length as indices of the difficulty of predicting cloze entries in a sample of continuous prose. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, School of Education, University of South Carolina, 1969.

Roossinck P. L. A method for improving reading comprehension. M. A. thesis, University of Michigan, 1962. Cited by Rankin E. F. , The cloze procedure—a survey of research, in E. L. Thurston and L. E. Hafner (Eds.) Fourteenth Yearbook of the National Reading Conference. Milwaukee: National Reading Conference, 1965.

Rothkopf E. Z. Learning from written sentences: within sentence order in the acquisition of name clause equivalences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1963, 2, 470–475.

Rothkopf E. Z. Textual constraint as function of repeated inspection. Journal of Educational Psychology 1968, 59, 20–25.

Ruddell R. B. An investigation of the effect of the similarity of oral and written patterns of language structure on reading comprehension. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, 1963.

Ruddell R. B. A study of the cloze comprehension technique in relation to structurally controlled reading material. Improvement of reading through classroom practice 1964, 9, 298–303.

Salzinger K. Portnoy S. Feldman R. S. The effect of order of approximation to the statistical structure of English on the emission of verbal responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1962, 64, 52–57.

Salzinger K. Portnoy S. Feldman R. S. Verbal behavior of schizophrenic and normal subjects. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1964, 105, 845–860.

Schneyer J. W. Use of the cloze procedure for improving reading comprehension. The Reading Teacher 1965, 19, 174–179.

Smith W. The effect of syntax on reading. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, 1969.

Sukiori S. A study of readability measurement—applications of cloze procedure to Japanese language. (English abstract) Japanese Journal of Psychology, 1957, 28.

Taylor W. Cloze procedure: a new tool for measuring readability. Journalism Quarterly 1953, 30, 414–433.

Taylor W. K.M. readers lend hand to science: cloze method works in written Korean and may serve as a tool for Korean language reform. Korean Messenger 1954b, 3, 4–5.

Taylor W. Recent developments in the use of the cloze procedure. Journalism Quarterly, 1956, 33, 42–48.

Taylor W. Cloze readability scores as indices of individual differences in comprehension and aptitude. Journal of Applied Psychology 1957, 41, 19–26.

Taylor W. Waldman I. Latency and focus methods of cloze quantification. Presented at National Reading Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 1969.

Torrey J. The learning of grammatical structures. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1969, 8, 360–368.

Weaver W. W. An examination of some differences in oral and written language using the cloze procedure. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, 1961.

Weaver W. W. The predictability of omissions in reading and listening. In Bliesmer E. P. Staiger R. C. (Eds.) Eleventh Yearbook of the National Reading Conference, Milwaukee: National Reading Conference, 1962.

Weaver W. W. Theoretical aspects of the cloze procedure. In Thurston E. L. Hafner L. E. , (Eds.) Fourteenth Yearbook of the National Reading Conference, Milwaukee: National Reading Conference, 1965.

Weaver W. W. The word as the unit of language. Journal of Reading 1967, 10, 262–268.

Weaver W. W. Bickley A. C. Some differences in encoding and decoding messages. Journal of the Reading Specialist, 1967a, 18–25.

Weaver W. W. Kingston A. J. A factor analysis of the cloze procedure and other measures of reading and language ability. The Journal of Communication 1963, 13, 252–261.

Weaver W. W. Kingston A. J. Recent developments in readability appraisal. Journal of Reading 1967, 11, 44–57.

Weaver W. W. White W. F. Kingston A. J. Affective correlates of reading comprehension. The Journal of Psychology 1968, 58, 87–95.

Weaver W. W. Kingston A. J. Bickley A. C. White W. F. Information-flow difficulty in relation to reading comprehension. Journal of Reading Behavior 1969, 1 (3), 41–49.

Weintraub S. The cloze procedure. The Reading Teacher 1968, 21, 567–571.