The safe operation of ageing materials and structures operating at high temperature and pressure is challenging. This paper, for the first time, clearly addresses the role of small specimen creep testing methods within a practical life assessment framework, with a case study used to illustrate the main principles and applications. To enhance the current practice for assessing the condition of creep ageing components, more proactive use of small specimen testing methods is proposed for the in-service condition assessment of power plant materials, earlier in the plant lifecycle and within a holistic life assessment framework. The paper describes how small specimen creep testing methods and other complementary tools can be used together in a new structured approach to life management. There is a clear need to provide the plant owner with more reliable and effective life prediction tools, based on earlier and more rigorous assessment of in-service life consumption. A novel, holistic, life assessment methodology including the use of small specimen creep testing has been developed by the authors.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 SI 2000 128.
2.
Pressure Systems Safety, Office for Nuclear Regulation Guide, NS-TAST-GD-067 Rev 0, 2014 Nov. Available from: www.onr.org.uk
3.
HydeTHSunWWilliamsJA.Requirements for and use of miniature test specimens to provide mechanical and creep properties of materials: a review. Int Mater Rev. 2007;52(4):213–255. doi: 10.1179/174328007X160317
4.
PearsonPWatsonJ.UK energy policy 1980–2010: a history and lessons to be learnt. London: The Institution of Engineering and Technology: The Parlimentary Group for Energy Studies; 2012.
5.
CEN Workshop Agreement, Small punch test method for metallic materials, CWA 15627: 2007, D/E/F. European Committee for Standardisation, 2007 Dec.
6.
SunWHydeTHBrettSJ.Application of impression creep data in life assessment of power plant materials at high temperatures. Proc Instn Mech Eng. J Mater Design Appl. 2008;222(Part L):175–182.
Rolls-Royce Power Engineering Plc, Scoop sampling – extraction of material samples for examination and analysis. 2010.
9.
Data acceptability criteria and data generation: recommendations for creep testing of post exposed (ex-service) materials. ECCC recommendations. Available from: http://www.ommi.co.uk/etd/eccc/advancedcreep/v3piiii4x.pdf, 18 June 2012. 3(III).
10.
DedovAKlevtsovILausmaaT, et al. Method of small samples for assessment of properties of power plant components: sampling devices and stress concentration in dimples. Proceedings of the Conference Plant Maintenance for Managing Life & Performance Baltica VII; 2007. p. 180–192.
11.
KlevtsovIDedovA.Impact of small specimens sampling on durability of in-service power plant components. SSTT. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference SSTT: Determination of Mechanical Properties of Materials by Small Punch and Other Miniature Testing Techniques; 2012Oct 2–4; Ostrava, Czech Rep.
12.
BrettSJ.The creep strength of weak thick section modified 9Cr forgings. Proceedings of Baltica V, International Conference on Condition and Life Management for Power Plants; 2001; VTT, ESPOO. p. 35–44.
13.
BrettSJ.UK experience with modified 9Cr (grade 91) steel. Baltica VII: International Conference on Life Management & Maintenance for Power Plants; 2007; Helsinki-Stockholm-Helsinki. p. 48–60.
14.
BrettSJ.Early type IV cracking on two retrofit grade 91 steel headers. IIW International Conference on Safety and Reliability of Welded Components in Energy and Processing Industry; 2008; Graz, Austria.
15.
BrettSJ.Small scale sampling and impression creep testing of aged ½CrMoV steam pipework systems. Proceedings of ECCC Conference on Creep and Fracture in High Temperature Components – Design and Life Assessment; Apr; Dübendorf, Switzerland. p. 1088–1096.
16.
RouseJPSunWHydeTH.The effects of scoop sampling on the creep behaviour of power plant straight pipes. J Strain Anal. 2013;48(8):494–511. doi: 10.1177/0309324713499149
17.
MacKenzieAC.On the use of a single uniaxial test to estimate deformation rates in some structures undergoing creep. Int J Mech Sci. 1968;10(5):441–453. doi: 10.1016/0020-7403(68)90007-6
18.
PennyRKMarriottDL.Design for creep. 2nd ed.
London
: Chapman and Hall; 1995.
19.
GB/T 29459.1-2012 small punch test methods of metallic materials for in-service pressure equipment – Part 1: general requirements. General administration of quality supervision, inspection and quarantine of China/standardization administration of China, 2012.
20.
GB/T 29459.1-2012 small punch test methods of metallic materials for in-service pressure equipment – part 2: method of test for tensile properties at room temperature. General administration of quality supervision, inspection and quarantine of China/standardization administration of China, 2012.
21.
Standard for Small Punch Creep Test – Estimation of Residual Life for High Temperature Component. The committee on high temperature strength of materials. The Society of Materials Science, 2012 Sep. ISBN 978-4-901381-38-3.
22.
Standard test method for small punch testing of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene used in surgical implants. ASTM International; 2008.
23.
HurstRCMatochaK.A renaissance in the use of the small punch testing technique. Proceedings of the ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference; 2015; Boston, MA, USA. V01BT01A048-041-V001BT001A048-016.
24.
KasiviswanathanKVKarthikVVisweswaranP, et al Small specimen testing – research and development activities at Igcar, India. In: MatochaKHurstRSunW, editors. SSTT. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference SSTT: Determination of Mechanical Properties of Materials by Small Punch and Other Miniature Testing Techniques; 2012Oct 2–4; Ostrava, Czech Rep.
25.
HurstRCMatochaK.Small punch testing – the transition from a code of practice to a European testing standard. In: MatochaKHurstRSunW, editors. SSTT. Proceedings of the 4th international Conference: Determination of Mechanical Properties of Materials by Small Punch and Other Miniature Testing Techniques; 2016 Oct 12–14; Shanghai, China.
26.
HydeTHSunWBeckerAA.Analysis of the impression creep test method using a rectangular indenter for determining the creep properties in welds. Int J Mech Sci. 1996;38:1089–1102. doi: 10.1016/0020-7403(95)00112-3
27.
HydeTHSunW.Evaluation of conversion relationships for impression creep test at elevated temperatures. Int J Pres Ves Pip. 2009;86(11):757–763. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2009.07.001
28.
SunWHydeTHBrettSJ.Small specimen creep testing and application for power plant component remaining life assessment. IRF2013 – 4th International Conference on Integrity, Reliability and Failure; 2013; Funchal, Portugal.
29.
LiYZŠturmR.Determination of creep properties from small punch test. Proc ASME Pres Ves Pip Conf. 2009;3:741–752.
30.
ChakrabartyJ.A theory of stretch forming over hemispherical punch heads. Int J Mech Sci. 1970;12(4):315–325. doi: 10.1016/0020-7403(70)90085-8
31.
CortellinoFRouseJPSunW, et al. A study on the effect of initial plasticity on the small punch creep test for a P91 steel at 600°C in SSTT – determination of mechanical properties of materials by small punch and other miniature testing techniques.
Castle Seggau – Graz (Austria
): OCELOT s.r.o; 2014.
32.
DobešFMiličkaK.Application of creep small punch testing in assessment of creep lifetime. Mater Sci Eng A. 2009;510-511(11):440–443. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.04.087
33.
MaYWShimSYoonKB.Assessment of power Law creep constants of Gr91 steel using small punch creep tests. Fatig Fract Eng Mater Struct. 2009;32(12):951–960. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2695.2009.01394.x
34.
CacciapuotiBSunWMcCartneyDG.A study on the evolution of the contact angle of small punch creep test of ductile materials. Int J Pres Ves Pip. 2016;145:60–74. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2016.06.002
35.
RouseJPCortellinoFSunW, et al. Small punch creep testing: review on modelling and data interpretation. Mater Sci Technol. 2013;29(11):1328–1345. doi: 10.1179/1743284713Y.0000000278
36.
LiYZŠturmRHurstRC, et al. Derivation of creep properties from small punch test small punch test (SPT). International Workshop; 2011 Jun 27–28. UK: University of Nottingham.
HydeCJHydeTHSunWNardoneS, et al. Small ring testing of a creep resistant material. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;586(0):358–366. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.07.081
39.
HydeTHSunWAliBSM.A small creep test specimen for use in determining uniaxial creep rupture data. SSTT. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference SSTT: Determination of Mechanical Properties of Materials by Small Punch and Other Miniature Testing Techniques; 2012Oct 2–4; Ostrava, Czech Rep.
40.
HydeTHAliBSMSunW.Analysis and design of a small, two-bar creep test specimen. ASME. J Eng Mater Technol. 2013;135(4):041006-041006-041009. doi: 10.1115/1.4025192
41.
HydeTHHydeCJSunW.A basis for selecting the most appropriate small specimen creep test type. J Pres Ves Technol. 2014;136(2):024502-024501-024506. doi: 10.1115/1.4025864
42.
DymáčekPMiličkaK.Creep small-punch testing and its numerical simulations. Mater Sci Eng: A. 2009;510–511:444–449. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.06.053
43.
LiYŠturmR.Determination of creep properties from small punch test. In: ASME, editor. ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference; 2008; Chicago, IL, USA. p. 739–750.
44.
LingXZhengYYouY, et al. Creep damage in small punch creep specimens of type 304 stainless steel. Int J Pres Ves Pip. 2007;84(5):304–309. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2006.11.003
45.
WilshireBWillisM.Mechanisms of strain accumulation and damage development during creep of prestrained 316 stainless steels. Meta Mater Trans A. 2004;35(2):563–571. doi: 10.1007/s11661-004-0367-2
46.
HydeTHStoyanovMSunW, et al. On the interpretation of results from small punch creep tests. J Strain Analy Eng Design. 2010;45(3):141–164. doi: 10.1243/03093247JSA592
47.
LiuYMurakamiS.Damage localization of conventional creep damage models and proposition of a new model for creep damage analysis. JSME Int J A. 1998;41(1):57–65. doi: 10.1299/jsmea.41.57
48.
KobayashiKIKajiharaIKoyamaH, et al. Deformation and fracture mode during small punch creep tests. J Solid Mech Mater Eng. 2010;4(1):75–86. doi: 10.1299/jmmp.4.75
49.
CortellinoFChenRSunW, et al. A microscopic investigation on the failure mechanisms of small punch creep test of a P91 steel at 873 K. In: MatochaKHurstRSunW, editors. SSTT – Determination of Mechanical Properties of Materials by Small Punch and Other Miniature Testing Techniques; 2014. Castle Seggau – Graz (Austria): OCELOT s.r.o. p. 260–269.
50.
EvansMWangD.The small punch creep test: some results from a numerical model. J Mater Sci. 2008;43(6):1825–1835. doi: 10.1007/s10853-007-2388-x
51.
CortellinoF.Experimental and numerical investigation of small punch creep test [PhD thesis]. The Univeristy of Nottingham; 2015.
52.
KobayashiKIKanekoMKoyamaH, et al. The influence of both testing environment and fillet radius of the die holder on the rupture life of small punch creep tests. J Solid Mech Mater Eng. 2012;6(8):925–934. doi: 10.1299/jmmp.6.925
53.
DymáčekPSeitlSMiličkaK, et al. Influence of friction on stress and strain distributions in small punch creep test models. Key Eng Mater. 2010;417–418:561–564. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.417-418.561
54.
CortellinoFSunWHydeTH, et al. The effects of geometrical inaccuracies of the experimental set-up on small punch creep test results. J Strain Anal Eng Design. 2014;49(8):571–582. doi: 10.1177/0309324714544917
55.
MorrisAKourmpetisMDearID, et al. Optical strain monitoring techniques for life assessment of components in power generation plants. Proc Inst Mech Eng A: J Power Energy. 2007;221(A8):1141–1152. doi: 10.1243/09576509JPE377
56.
DaviesCMNagyPNarayananA, et al. Continuous creep damage monitoring using a novel potential drop technique. Am Soc Mech Eng. 2012;7:35–39.
57.
ThoravalG.Creep of high temperature steam piping: EDF experience with fossil-fired power plants from 1955 to 1987. Nucl Eng Des. 1989;116:389–398. doi: 10.1016/0029-5493(89)90097-6
58.
MorrisAMaharajCKourmpetisM, et al. Optical strain measurement techniques to assist in life monitoring of power plant components. J Pres Ves Technol. 2008;131(2):024502-024502-024508.
59.
MorrisAMaharajCPalmerI, et al. ARCMAC optical strain measurement for creep monitoring: recent improvements in accuracy and resolution. ASME PVP 2009 Conference – Sustainable Energy for the Third Millennium; 2009 Jul; Prague, Czech Republic; PVP200977511.
60.
MorrisAMaharajCPalmerI, et al. Developments in combined ARCMAC and strain mapping systems for creep measurement. In: DermenjianAAG, Geraets LH, editors. ASME PVP 2008 Conference – Nuclear Power Plant Renaissance Change in Paradigm; 2008 Jul; PVP200861118: Marriott on Magnificent Mile Hotel, Chicago, IL, USA, PVP200861118.
61.
MorrisAMaharajCPuriA, et al. Recent developments in methods to study creep strain variations in power station steam plant. In: DermenjianAAG, Geraets LH, editors. ASME PVP 2008 Conference – Nuclear Power Plant Renaissance Change in Paradigm, 2008 Jul. Chicago, IL, USA: Marriott on Magnificent Mile Hotel, PVP200861119.
62.
FentonSTMorrisAMulvihillP.Investigation and analysis of CrMoV bore cracking. In: I. Communications, editor. IOM 2nd International Conference “Integrity of High Temperature Welds”; 2003 Nov; London.
63.
GENSIP publication, CMV pipework management in conventional UK power stations. GENSIP/GPG/PS001. Issue 1.2, August 2011.
64.
VGB-TW 507. Guidelines for the assessment of microstructure and damage development of creep exposed materials for pipes and boiler components. Essen: VGB Technical Association of Large Power Plant Operators; 1992.
65.
NeubauerBWedelU.Restlife estimation of creeping components by means of replicas. In: WhiteheadJRWoodfordDA, ASME, editors. ASME International Conference on Advances in Life Prediction Methods; 1983; New York.
66.
ConcariS.Residual life assessment and microstructure. ECCC Recommend. 2005;6(1):1–36.
67.
HydeTHSunW.Application of impression creep test data for the assessment of service exposed power plant components. Metall J. 2010;LXIII:138–145.
68.
HollomonJHJaffeeLD.Time-temperature relations in tempering steel. Trans AIME. 1943;162:223–249.
69.
KohlhoferWPennyRK.Hardness testing as a means for creep assessment. Int J Pres Vess Pip. 1996;66(1–3):333–339. doi: 10.1016/0308-0161(95)00107-7
70.
Ghassemi ArmakiHChenRKanoS, et al. Microstructural degradation mechanisms during creep in strength enhanced high Cr ferritic steels and their evaluation by hardness measurement. J Nucl Mater. 2011;416(3):273–279. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.06.007
71.
SpositoGWardCCawleyP, et al. A review of non-destructive techniques for the detection of creep damage in power plant steels. NDT E Int. 2010;43(7):555–567. doi: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2010.05.012
72.
MukhopadhyaySKRoyHRoyA.Development of hardness-based model for remaining life assessment of thermally loaded components. Int J Pres Ves Pip. 2009;86(4):246–251. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2008.11.014
73.
MasuyamaF.Creep degradation in welds of Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel. Int J Pres Ves Pip. 2006;83(11–12):819–825. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2006.08.010
74.
FurtadoHCCardosoBRSantosF, et al. Remaining life evaluation of power plant based on strain deformation monitoring and computational diagnosis. The 12th International Conference of the Slovenian Society for Non-Destructive Testing: Application of Contemporary Non-Destructive Testing in Engineering; 2013 Sep 4–6; Portorož, Slovenia.
75.
FurtadoHCde AlmeidaLHDilleJ, et al. Correlation between hardness measurements and remaining life prediction for 2.25Cr-1Mo steel used in power plants. J Mater Eng Perform. 2010;19(4):558–561. doi: 10.1007/s11665-009-9515-6
76.
FurtadoHCde AlmeidaLHLe MayI.Damage and remaining life estimation in high temperature plant with variable operating conditions. OMMI. 2008;5:1–10.
77.
LarsonFRMillerJ.A time-temperature relationship for rupture and creep stress. Trans ASME. 1952;74(5):765–775.
78.
CorwinWRLucasGE.The use of small scale specimens for testing irradiated materials. Symposium on the Use of Nonstandard Subsized Specimens for Irradiated Testing; 1983 Sep 23; Albuquerque, NM, USA. Related information: ASTM Special Technical Publication 888. Philadelphia, PA; None. Medium: X; Size: Pages: 373.
79.
PetzováJBřezinaMKupčaL.Evaluation of mechanical properties of the reactor pressure vessel materials changes by small punch test application. Proceedings of the 2013 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference PVP2013; 2013 Jul 14–18; Paris, France.
80.
BřezinaMPetzováJKupčaL, et al. Utilization of SPT techniques for evaluation of changes in the properties of the vver-440 reactor pressure vessel steels after their irradiation in the research and power reactors. Proceedings of the 2015 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference PVP2015; 2015; Boston, MA, USA.
81.
KatonaTJ.Long-term operation of VVER power plants. Nucl Power-Deploy Oper Sustain. 2011:152–196.
82.
KnasterJArbeiterFCaraP, et al. IFMIF, the European–Japanese efforts under the broader approach agreement towards a Li(d,xn) neutron source: current status and future options. Nucl Mater Energy. 2016;9:46–54. doi: 10.1016/j.nme.2016.04.012
83.
LucasGEOdetteGRMatsuiH, et al. The role of small specimen test technology in fusion materials development. J Nucl Mater. 2007;367–370:1549–1556. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.04.034
84.
KluehR.Reduced-activation bainitic and martensitic steels for nuclear fusion applications. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci. 2004;8(3):239–250. doi: 10.1016/j.cossms.2004.09.004
85.
BruchhausenMTurbaKde HaanF, et al. Characterization of a 14Cr ODS steel by means of small punch and uniaxial testing with regard to creep and fatigue at elevated temperatures. J Nucl Mater. 2014;444:283–291. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.09.059
86.
OdetteGRHeMGraggD, et al. Some recent innovations in small specimen testing. J Nucl Mater. 2002;307–311:1643–1648. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3115(02)01173-X
87.
GilbertMDudarevSZhengS, et al. An integrated model for materials in a fusion power plant: transmutation, gas production, and helium embrittlement under neutron irradiation. Nucl Fusion. 2012;52(8):083019. doi: 10.1088/0029-5515/52/8/083019
88.
NakataTKomazakiS-iKohnoY, et al. Development of a small punch testing method to evaluate the creep property of high Cr ferritic steel: part II – stress analysis of small punch test specimen by finite element method. Mater Sci Eng A. 2016;666:80–87. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.03.102
89.
BaikJMKamedaJBuckO.Small punch test evaluation of intergranular embrittlement of an alloy steel. Scr Metall. 1983;17(12):1443–1447. doi: 10.1016/0036-9748(83)90373-3
90.
ChiS-HHongJ-HKimI-S.Evaluation of irradiation effects of 16 MeV proton-irradiated 12Cr-1MoV steel by small punch (SP) tests. Scr Metall Mater. 1994;30(12):1521–1525. doi: 10.1016/0956-716X(94)90301-8
91.
MaoXKamedaJ.Small-punch technique for measurement of material degradation of irradiated ferritic alloys. J Mater Sci. 1991;26:2436–2440. doi: 10.1007/BF01130192
92.
WakaiEOhtsukaHMatsukawaS, et al. Mechanical properties of small size specimens of F82H steel. Fusion Eng Des. 2006;81:1077–1084. doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.08.072
93.
KasadaROnoHKimuraA.Small specimen test technique for evaluating fracture toughness of blanket structural materials. Fusion Eng Des. 2006;81:981–986. doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.08.088
94.
Standard test method for determination of reference temperature, T0, for ferritic steels in the transition range. ASTM E 1921-02, Annual Book of ASTM Standards. 2002. 03.01.
95.
Martínez-PañedaEGarcíaTERodríguezC.Fracture toughness characterization through notched small punch test specimens. Mater Sci Eng A. 2016;657:422–430. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.01.077
96.
MathewMDGanesh KumarJGanesanV, et al. Small punch creep studies for optimization of nitrogen content in 316LN SS for enhanced creep resistance. Metall Mater Trans A. 2014;45(2):731–737. doi: 10.1007/s11661-013-2027-x
97.
BuenoAHSMoreiraEDGomesJACP.Evaluation of stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement in an API grade steel. Eng Fail Anal. 2014;36:423–431. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.11.012
98.
RehrlJMraczekKPichlerA, et al. Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of hydrogen charged AHSS/UHSS grades at high- and low strain rate tests. Mater Sci Eng A. 2014;590:360–367. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.10.044
99.
MagudeeswaranGBalasubramanianVMadhusudhan ReddyG.Hydrogen induced cold cracking studies on armour grade high strength, quenched and tempered steel weldments. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2008;33(7):1897–1908. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.01.035
100.
GarcíaTERodríguezCBelzunceFJ, et al. Effect of hydrogen embrittlement on the tensile properties of CrMoV steels by means of the small punch test. Mater Sci Eng A. 2016;664:165–176. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.03.134
101.
HiroseTSakasegawaHKohyamaA, et al. Effect of specimen size on fatigue properties of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels. J Nucl Mater. 2000;283–287:Part 2:1018–1022. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00141-0
102.
NogamiSItohTSakasegawaH, et al. Study on fatigue life evaluation using small specimens for testing neutron-irradiated materials. J Nucl Sci Technol. 2011;48(1):60–64. doi: 10.1080/18811248.2011.9711679
103.
BaoCCaiLXDanC.Estimation of fatigue crack growth behavior for small-sized C-shaped inside edge-notched tension (CIET) specimen using compliance technique. Int J Fatig. 2015;81:202–212. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2015.08.011
104.
VolakJNovakMKaiserJ, et al. Fatigue testing by means of miniature test specimens. J Ach Mater Manuf Eng. 2012;55(2):386–389.
105.
RoebuckBCoxDCReedRC.An innovative device for the mechanical testing of miniature specimens of superalloys in Superalloys 2004. In: Pollock TM, Green KA, Harada H, et al., editors. 2004 Jan.
106.
RouseJPSunWHydeTH, et al. Comparative assessment of several creep damage models for use in life prediction. Int J Pres Ves Pip. 2013;108–109:81–87. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2013.04.012
107.
RouseJPLeomMZSunW, et al. Steady-state creep peak rupture stresses in 90° power plant pipe bends with manufacture induced cross-section dimension variations. Int J Pres Ves Pip. 2013;105–106:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2013.02.002
108.
RouseJPSunWHydeTH, et al. A method to approximate the steady-state creep response of three-dimensional pipe bend finite element models under internal pressure loading using Two-dimensional axisymmetric models. J Pres Ves Technol, ASME. 2013; PVT-13-1046.
109.
BrettSJ.The creep strength of weak thick section modified 9Cr forgings. In: Seija HietanenVMTAuerkariP, editors. Baltica V: Condition and Life Management for Power Plants, VTT Symposium, ESPOO; 2001; Hotel Haikko Manor, Porvoo, Finland. p. 35–44.
110.
PetzováJBřezinaMKapusňákM, et al. Application of small punch testing methods for thermal ageing monitoring at primary circuit components in nuclear power plant. Proceedings of the 2015 ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference PVP2015; 2015; Boston Park Plaza, USA.
111.
TigheRHowellGTylerJ, et al. Stress based non-destructive evaluation using thermographic approaches: from laboratory trials to on-site assessment. NDT E Int. 2016;84:76–88. doi: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2016.08.005
112.
HydeCJHydeTHSunW.Small ring specimen creep testing of a nickel-based superalloy. Determination of Mechanical Properties of Materials by Small Punch and Other Miniature Testing Techniques; 2012; Ostrava, Czech Republic.
113.
SunWHydeTHAliBSM.Small tensile bar specimen creep tests for Use in determining creep deformation and rupture properties. In: MatochaKHurstRSunW, editors. SSTT – Determination of Mechanical Properties of Materials by Small Punch and Other Miniature Testing Techniques; 2014; Castle Seggau – Graz (Austria): OCELOT s.r.o.
114.
GuglielminoEPinoRServettoC, et al. Chapter 4 – creep damage of high alloyed reformer tubes A2. In: AliofkhazraeiM, editor. Handbook of materials failure analysis with case studies from the chemicals, concrete and power industries. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2016. p. 69–91.
