Ferromanganese is one of the most important alloying elements in steel industries. In this work, the production of ferromanganese was carried out using three-phase submerged mini electric arc furnace. The effect of slag basicity due to the addition of a various amount of limestone as fluxing agent on this smelting process was investigated. The chemical composition of ferromanganese and slag was analysed with X-ray fluorescence. From this experiment, the optimum slag basicity was 0.8 that produced 8.2 kg of ferromanganese with 78.1% Mn, 12.7% Fe, and 8.9% Si. It resulted from 30 kg of manganese ore, 7.5 kg of cokes, and 12 kg of limestone.
AhmedA, HalfaH, El-FawakhryMK, El-FaramawyH, EissaM.2014. Parameters affecting energy consumption for producing high carbon ferromanganese in a closed submerged arc furnace. J Iron Steel Res Int.21(7):666–672. doi: 10.1016/S1006-706X(14)60103-5
2.
BhoiB, MukherjeeP, NayakB, PriyadarshiniS, LaxmiT, MishraB.2013. Smelting reduction of manganese ore for production of ferro-manganese. J Sustainable Planet. 4(2):61–80.
3.
BorovskyT, KijacJ, Bul'koB, DomovecM, HavranJ.2012. The influence of slag composition on the distribution of manganese between slag and metal in the electric arc furnace. Acta Metall Slovaca. 18(1):28–33.
4.
CardakliIS, SevincN, OzturkT.2010. Production of high carbon ferromanganese from a manganese ore located in erzincan. Turkish J Eng Environ Sci.35:31–38.
5.
CengizlerH, EricRH.1992. Thermodynamic activity of manganese oxide in ferromanganese slags, and the distributions of manganese between the metal and slag phases. In: H. W. Glen, editor. Proceedings of the 6th International Ferroalloys Congress; 167–174. South Africa: SAIMM.
6.
CoetseeT, ZietsmanJ, PistoriusC.2014. Predicted effect of ore composition on slag formation in manganese ore reduction. Trans Inst Min Metall C. 123(3):141–147.
7.
EissaM, El-FaramawyH, AhmedA, NabilS, HalfaH.2012. Parameters affecting the production of high carbon ferromanganese in closed submerged arc furnace. J Miner Mater Charact Eng. 11:1–20.
8.
EissaM, FathyA, AhmedA, El-MohammadyA, El-FawakhryK.2004. Factors affecting silicomanganese production using manganese rich slag in the charge. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Ferroalloys Congress; 245–253. South Africa: SAIMM.
9.
GasikMI.2013. Handbook of ferroalloys. Elsevier Ltd. Chapter 7, Manganese ferroalloys technology; p. 221–266.
10.
GasikMI, GladkikhVA, ZhdanovAV, ZhuchkovVI, ZayakinOV, Leont'evLI, OvcharukAN.2009. Calculation of the value of manganese ore raw materials. Russ Metall.8:756–758. doi: 10.1134/S0036029509080175
11.
HolappaL, XiaoY.2004. Slags in ferroallos production-review of present knowledge. 2004. J South Afr Inst Min Metall. 104:429–437.
12.
KalengaM, XiaoweiP, TangstadM.2013. Manganese alloys production impact of chemical compositions of raw materials on the energy and material balance. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Ferroalloys Congress; 647–652. Kazakhstan: P. Dipner.
13.
KleinschmidtGDr., DegelRDr., KonekeM, OterdoomH.2010. AC and DC smelter technology for ferrous metal production. In: A. Vartiainen, editor. Proceedings of the 12th International Ferroalloys Congress; 825–838. Finland: Outotec Oyj.
14.
KumarM, RanganathanS, SinhaS.2007. Kinetics of reduction of different manganese ores. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Ferroalloys Congress; 241–246. India: The Indian Ferro Alloy Producers’ Association.
15.
LeeY, TangstadM.2010. Electric parameters for an efficient smelting performance of HC-FeMn alloy. In: A. Vartiainen, editor. Proceedings of the 12th international ferroalloys congress; 569–578. Finland: Outotec Oyj.
16.
OlsenSE, TangstadM.2004. Silicomanganese production-process understanding. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Ferroalloys Congress; 231–238. South Africa: SAIMM.
17.
ShkirmontovA.2009. Determination of the energy parameters for the smelting of manganese ferroalloys with increases in the electrode gap and electrode spacing. Metallurgist. 53:512–517. doi: 10.1007/s11015-009-9190-8
18.
TangstadM.2013. Handbook of ferroalloys. Elsevier Ltd. Chapter 7, Manganese ferroalloys technology; p. 221–266.
19.
TangstadM, OlsenSE.1995. The ferromanganese process – material and energy balance. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Ferroalloys Congress; (eds. Tuset, Tveit and Page); 621–630. Norway: FFF.
20.
TripathySK, BanerjeePK, SureshN.2015. Effect of desliming on the magnetic separation of low grade ferruginous manganese ore. Int J Miner Metall Mater. 22(7):661–673. doi: 10.1007/s12613-015-1120-0
21.
VanderstaayEC, SwinbourneDR, MonteiroM.2004. A computational thermodynamics model of submerged arc electric furnace ferromanganese smelting. Trans Inst Min Metall C. 113:C38–C44.
22.
Vorob'evVP, GolunovA, Ignat'evAV.2008. Composition and processing of rich imported low and high basicity manganese ore. Steel Transl. 38(11):926–928. doi: 10.3103/S0967091208110119
