Lower limb amputation Part 1: Amputation methods - a 10 year literature review

Albrechtsen SB Henriksen BM Holstein PE . Minor amputations on the feet after revascularisation for gangrene: a comparative series of 195 limbs. Acta Orthop Scand 1997; 68: 291–299

Atesalp AS Erler K Gur E Solakoglu C . Below-knee amputation as a result of land mines: primary closure vs delayed primary closure. J Trauma 1999; 47: 724–727

Barras JP Flückiger R . Through-knee amputation in peripheral vascular disease. Helv Chir Acta 1991; 58: 213–219

Brånemark PI Breine U Lindstrom J Adell R Hansson BO Ohlsson A . Intraosseous anchorage of dental prostheses. Scand J Plast Reconstr 1969; 3: 81–101

Brånemark PI Rydevik B Skalak R . Osseointegration in skeletal reconstruction. Quintessence Publ., Chicago 1997

Bruckner L . Standardised trans-tibial amputation in vascular disease. Operat Orthop Traumatol 1992; 4: 63–72

Chang B Bock D Jacobs R Darling R Leather R Shah DM . The increased limb salvage by the use of unconventional foot amputations. J Vasc Surg 1994; 19: 341–349

Condie E Jones D Treweek S Scott H . A one year national survey of patients having a lower limb amputation. Physiotherapy 1996; 82: 14–20

Coxon JP Gallen IW . Laterality of lower limb amputation in diabetic patients: retrospective audit. Br Med J 6 February, 1999; 367

Duerksen F Randall J Rogalsky M Cochrane JW . Knee disarticulation with intercondylar patellofemoral arthrodesis: an improved technique. Clin Orthop 1990; 256: 50–57

Early JS . Transmetatarsal and midfoot amputations. Clin Orthop 1999; 361: 85–90

Ebskov B . Relative mortality and long-time survival for the non-diabetic lower limb amputee with vascular insufficiency. Prosthet Orthot Int 1999; 23: 209–216

Eneroth M . Factors affecting wound healing after major amputation for vascular disease: a review. Prosthet Orthot Int 1999; 23: 195–208

Fleischer GM Pautsch S . Below-knee amputation according to Robb-Persson: techniques and clinical results. Zentralblatt Chir 1999; 124: 514–519

Gottschalk F . Trans-femoral amputation, biomechanics and surgery. Clin Orthop 1999; 361: 15–22

Gray DW Ng RL . Anatomical aspects of blood supply to the skin of the posterior calf in below-knee amputation. Br J Surg 1990; 77: 662–664

Heinz J . Transgenicular amputation with myocutaneous gastrocnemius flap in arterial occlusive disease. Zentralblatt Chir 1992; 117: 167–170

Jain A Stewart CP Turner MS . Trans-tibial amputation using a medially based flap. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1995; 40: 263–265

Jensen JS Mandroup-Poulsen J Krasnik M . Wound healing complications following major amputations of the lower limb. Prosthet Orthot Int 1982; 6: 105–107

Johnson WC Watkins MT Hamilton J Baldwin D . Transcutaneous oxygen pressure following skew flap and Burgess type below-knee amputations. Arch Surg 1997; 132: 261

Kauffman JL . Alternative methods for below-knee amputations: a reappraisal of Kendrick procedure. J Am Coll Surg 1995; 181: 511–516

Klaes W Eigler F . A new technique for transgenicular amputation. Chirurg 1985; 56: 735–740

Kornah B . Modified Boyd amputation. J Bone Joint Surg 1996; 78A: 149–150

Larsson J Apelquist J . Towards less amputations in diabetic patients: incidence, causes, treatment and prevention — a review. Acta Orthop Scand 1995; 66: 181–192

Larsson GU (1998) Silicone sockets after trans-tibial amputations. ISPO 10th World Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June, 281998. ISPO, Copenhagen, -July 3,

Lieberman JR Jacobs RL Goldstock L Durham J Fuchs MD . Choparts amputation with percutaneous heel cord lengthening. Clin Orthop 1993; 296: 86–91

Loro A Franceschi F . Prevalence and causal conditions for amputation surgery in the third world. Prosthet Orthot Int 1999; 23: 217–224

MacLean N Fick GH . The effect of semi-rigid dressings in below-knee amputations. Phys Ther 1994; 74: 668–673

Mooney V Harvey JP McBride E Snelson R . Comparison of postoperative stump management. J Bone Joint Surg 1971; 53A: 241–249

Norlin R Fryden A Nilsson L Ansehn S . Short term cephotaxin prophylaxis reduces failure rate in lower limb amputation. Acta Orthop Scand 1990; 61: 460–462

Persson BM . Sagittal incisions for below knee amputation in ischemic gangrene. J Bone Joint Surg 1974; 56B: 110–114

Persson BM Söderberg B . Pantalar fusion for correction of painful equinus after traumatic Choparts amputation — two cases. Acta Orthop Scand 1996; 67: 300–302

Pinzur MS Bowker JH . Knee disarticulation. Clin Orthop 1999; 361: 23–28

Pinzur MS . Restoration of walking ability with Syme's ankle disarticulation. Clin Orthop 1999; 361: 71–75

Robb HJ . Midcalf amputation in the ischemic extremity — use of lateral and medial flaps. Arch Surg 1965; 91: 506–508

Robinson KP . Disarticulation at the ankle using an anterior flap: a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg 1999; 81B: 617–620

Ruckley CV Stonebridge PA Prescott RJ . Skew flaps versus long posterior flap in below-knee amputations: multicentre trial. J Vasc Surg 1991; 13: 423–427

Smith DG Ferguson JR . Trans-tibial amputations. Clin Orthop 1999; 361: 108–115

Wagner FW . Partial foot amputation. Atlas of limb prosthetics: surgical, prosthetic, and rehabilitation principles.-/2nd edition, Bowker JH Michael JW . American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Mosby Year Book, St Louis 1992; 389–401

Yusuf SW Baker D Wenham PW Makin GS Hopkinson BR . Role of Gritti-Stokes amputation in peripheral vascular disease. Ann R Coll Surg Eng 1997; 79: 102–104