In a series of papers in the mid-1960s and early 70s, building on his key 1967 paper, Alan Wilson made a series of fundamental contributions to the specification and application of land-use transport models. In this paper the basis of his entropy-maximizing approach to spatial distribution models is outlined with a demonstration that the methods have applications very much beyond its transport roots. The entropy maximization method laid the foundations for the development of a range of multinomial logit share models. He expanded the core transport ideas to the whole range of comprehensive models, initially building on, and extending, Lowry's iconic Pittsburgh model. The factors that have sustained the longevity of Wilson's models are explored and articulated.
AlonsoW.1964. Location and Land Use, Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2.
BattyM. J.1972. “Recent Developments in Land use Modelling: a Review of British Research.” Urban Studies9: 155–177. doi: 10.1080/00420987220080201
3.
BonsallP. W., ChampernownA.F., MasonA. C. and WilsonA. G.. 1977. “Transport Modelling: Sensitivity Analysis and Policy Testing.” Progress in Planning7 (3): 153–237. doi: 10.1016/0305-9006(77)90008-3
4.
BoyceD. E., and WilliamsH. C. W. L.. 2015. Forecasting Urban Travel: Past, Present and Future. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
5.
CoelhoJ. D., and WilliamsH. C. W. L.. 1978. “On the Design of Land use Plans Through Locational Surplus Maximisation.” Papers of the Regional Science Association40: 71–85. doi: 10.1007/BF01936904
6.
CoelhoJ. D., and WilsonA. G.. 1976. “The Optimal Location and Size of Shopping Centres.” Regional Studies10 (4): 413–421. doi: 10.1080/09595237600185441
7.
CrippsE. L., MacGillS. M., and WilsonA. G.. 1974. “Energy and Materials Flows in the Urban Space Economy.” Transportation Research8: 293–305. doi: 10.1016/0041-1647(74)90048-3
8.
EvansS. P.1973. “A Relationship Between the Gravity Model for Trip Distribution Model and the Transportation Problem in Linear Programming.” Transportation Research7: 39–61. doi: 10.1016/0041-1647(73)90005-1
9.
HerbertD. J., and StevensB. H.. 1960. “A Model for the Distribution of Residential Activity in Urban Areas.” Journal of Regional Science2: 21–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9787.1960.tb00838.x
10.
HymanG. M., and WilsonA. G.. 1969. “The Effect of Changes in Travel Costs on Trip Distribution and Modal Split.” High Speed Ground Transportation Journal 3: 79–85.
11.
LowryI. S.1964. A Model of Metropolis. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
12.
MacGillS. M.1977. “The Lowry Model as an Input-Output Model and its Extension to Incorporate Full Inter-Sectoral Relations.” Regional Studies11: 337–354. doi: 10.1080/09595237700185361
13.
MackettR. L.1990. “The Systematic Application of the LILT Model to Dortmund, Leeds and Tokyo.” Transport Reviews10 (4): 323–338. doi: 10.1080/01441649008716765
14.
QuarmbyD. A.1967. “Choice of Travel Mode for the Journey to Work.” Journal of Transport Economics and Policy1: 273–314.
15.
SeniorM. L., and WilsonA. G.. 1974. “Exploration and Syntheses of Linear Programming and Spatial Interaction Models of Residential Location.” Geographical Analysis6 (3): 209–238. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1974.tb00510.x
16.
StrotzR. H.1957. “The Empirical Implications of a Utility Tree.” Econometrica25: 269–280. doi: 10.2307/1910254
17.
WebsterF. V., BlyP. H., and PaulleyN. J.. 1988. Urban Land Use Transport Interaction: Policies and Models. Aldershot: Gower.
18.
WilliamsH. C. W. L.1977. “On the Formation of Travel Demand Models and Economic Evaluation Measures of User Benefit.” Environment and Planning A9: 285–344. doi: 10.1068/a090285
19.
WilliamsH. C. W. L., and SeniorM. L.. 1978. “Accessibility, Spatial Interaction and the Evaluation of Land-Use Transportation Plans.” In Spatial Interaction Theory and Planning Models, edited by KarlqvistA., LundqvistL., SnickarsF., and WeibullJ. W., 243–287. Amsterdam: North Holland.
20.
WilsonA. G.1967. “A Statistical Theory of Spatial Distribution Models.” Transportation Research1 (3): 253–269. doi: 10.1016/0041-1647(67)90035-4
21.
WilsonA. G.1969a. “The use of Entropy Maximising Models in the Theory of Trip Distribution, Mode Split and Route Split.” Journal of Transport Economics and Policy3 (1): 108–126.
22.
WilsonA. G.1969b. “Developments of Some Elementary Residential Location Models.” Journal of Regional Science9: 377–385. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9787.1969.tb01351.x
23.
WilsonA. G.1970a. Entropy in Urban and Regional Modelling. London: Pion.
WilsonA. G.1971a. “A Family of Spatial Interaction Models and Associated Developments.” Environment and Planning A3 (1): 1–32. doi: 10.1068/a030001
26.
WilsonA. G.1971b. “Generalising the Lowry Model.” In Urban and Regional Planning, edited by WilsonA. G., 121–133. London: Pion.
27.
WilsonA. G.1973a. “Further Developments of Entropy Maximising Transport Models.” Transportation Planning and Technology1 (3): 183–193. doi: 10.1080/03081067308717045
28.
WilsonA. G.1973b. Travel Demand Forecasting: Achievements and Problems. Urban Travel Demand Forecasting, Special Report 143, Highway Research Board, 283–306.
29.
WilsonA. G.1974. Urban and Regional Models in Geography and Planning. Chichester: John Wiley.
30.
WilsonA. G.2000. “Land Use – Transport Interaction Models: Past and Future.” Journal of Transport Economics and Policy32 (1): 3–26.
31.
WilsonA. G.2010. “Entropy in Urban and Regional Modelling: Retrospect and Prospect.” Geographical Analysis42 (4): 364–394. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-4632.2010.00799.x
32.
WilsonA. G., CoelhoJ. D., McGillS. M., and WilliamsH. C. W. L.. 1981. Optimization in Locational and Transport Analysis. Chichester: Wiley.
33.
WilsonA. G., HawkinsA. F., HillG. J., and WagonD. J.. 1969. “Calibration and Testing the SELNEC Transportation Model.” Regional Studies3: 337–350. doi: 10.1080/09595236900185331
34.
WilsonA. G., and PownallC. E.. 1976. “A New Representation of the Urban System for Modelling and for the Study of Micro-Level Interdependence.” Area1: 246–254.
35.
WilsonA. G., ReesP. H., and LeighC. M.. 1977. Models of Cities and Region. London: John Wiley and Sons.
36.
WilsonA. G., and SeniorM. L.. 1974. “Some Relationships Between Entropy Maximising Models, Mathematical Programming Models and Their Duals.” Journal of Regional Science14: 207–215. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9787.1974.tb00443.x
