The microwave reduction of a biomass-bearing mill scale composite briquette followed by magnetic separation was investigated in this work to explore the feasibility of using microwave heating technology on steel plant mill scale. The activation energy obtained for pyrolysis of biomass by Freeman-Carroll method was 189.3, 103.26 and 89.82 kJ mol−1 at the temperature ranges of 260–300°C, 330–370°C and 430–480°C, respectively. By comparing the two reducing agents with microwave (MW) heating, the iron content in a magnetic product was approximately 97.15% and 96.46%, respectively, using coal and biomass as the reducing agents. The iron recovery only reached 85.15% with coal. In addition, up to 96.12% of the iron was recycled using biomass fuel as the reducing agent. In particular, the contents of carbon, phosphorus and sulphur using biomass as the reducing agent were far below the content of those using coal as the reducing agent.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BirksNMeierGHPettitFS.Pettit: Introduction to the high temperature oxidation of metals. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006.
2.
UmadeviTKumarMGSMahapatraPCet al.Recycling of steel plant mill scale via iron ore pelletisation process. Ironmak Steelmak. 2009;36(6):409–415. doi: 10.1179/174328108X393795
3.
UmadeviTBrahmacharyuluAKarthikPet al.Recycling of steel plant mill scale via iron ore sintering plant. Ironmak Steelmak. 2012;39(3):222–227. doi: 10.1179/1743281211Y.0000000063
4.
RajshekarYJagannathPVenugopalanT.Mill scale as a potential additive to improve the quality of hematite ore pellet. Miner Process Extr Metall Rev. 2018;39(3):202–210. doi: 10.1080/08827508.2017.1415205
5.
AhmedYMZ.Synthesis of manganese ferrite from non-standard raw materials using ceramic technique. Ceram Int. 2010;36:969–977. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2009.11.020
6.
MeiDQSunPYuanYNet al.Investigation on exhaust emission characteristics of compression ignition engine fueled with bio-diesel. Trans CSICE. 2006;24(4):3312–3335.
7.
GengCMChenJHWangXHet al.Comparative study on the particle emission characteristics of biomass boiler with coal-fired industrial boiler. Res Environ Sci. 2013;26(6):666–671.
8.
GuHZhangKWangYet al.Waste biomass from production process co-firing with coal in a steam boiler to reduce fossil fuel consumption: a case study. J Energy Chem. 2013;22(3):413–419. doi: 10.1016/S2095-4956(13)60054-6
9.
IshizakiKNagataKHayashiT.Localized heating and reduction of magnetite ore with coal in composite pellets using microwave irradiation. ISIJ Int. 2007;47(6):817–822. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.47.817
10.
HayashiMTakedaKKashimuraKet al.Carbothermic reduction of hematite powders by microwave heating. ISIJ Int. 2013;53(7):1125–1130. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.53.1125
11.
LvXLunZYinJet al.Carbothermic reduction of vanadium titanomagnetite by microwave irradiation and smelting behavior. ISIJ Int. 2013;53(7):1115–1119. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.53.1115
12.
YoshikawaNKen-IchiMSasakiYet al.Microwave carbo-thermal reduction for recycling of Cr from Cr-containing steel making wastes. ISIJ Int. 2008;48(5):690–695. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.48.690
13.
ForsterJPicklesCAElliottR.Microwave carbothermic reduction roasting of a low grade nickeliferous silicate laterite ore. Miner Eng. 2016;88:18–27. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2015.09.005
14.
SamouhosMHutcheonRPaspaliarisI.Microwave reduction of copper (ii) oxide and malachite concentrate. Miner Eng. 2011;24(8):903–913. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2011.03.026
15.
LuTPicklesCAKelebekS.Carbothermal reductive upgrading of a bauxite ore using microwave radiation. High Temperature Mater Process. 2012;31(2):139–148.
SamouhosMTaxiarchouMHutcheonRet al.Microwave reduction of a nickeliferous laterite ore. Miner Eng. 2012;34:19–29. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2012.04.005
18.
ChenGLiLTaoCet al.Effects of microwave heating on microstructures and structure properties of the manganese ore. J Alloys Compd. 2016;657:515–518. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.10.147
19.
WangNTahmasebiAYuJet al.A comparative study of microwave-induced pyrolysis of lignocellulosic and algal biomass. Bioresour Technol. 2015;190:89–96. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.038
20.
WangKBrownRCHomsySet al.Fast pyrolysis of microalgae remnants in a fluidized bed reactor for bio-oil and biochar production. Bioresour Technol. 2013;127:494–499. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.016
21.
ZhaoXQJianZSongZLet al.Microwave pyrolysis of straw bale and energy balance analysis. J Anal Appl Pyrol. 2011;92:43–49. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2011.04.004
22.
HuangYFChiuehPTKuanWHet al.Microwave pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: heating performance and reaction kinetics. Energy. 2016;100:137–144. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.01.088
23.
HuRZGaoSLZhaoQF.Thermal analysis and kinetics. Beijing: Science Publishing Company; 2008.
24.
SongZLZhaoXQMaCYet al. (2009). Kinetics of pyrolysis of straw bales by microwave heating. Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference. IEEE, pp. 1–5.
25.
RenSLeiHWangLet al.Biofuel production and kinetics analysis for microwave pyrolysis of Douglas fir sawdust pellet. J Anal Appl Pyrol. 2012;94:163–169. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2011.12.004
26.
DongQXiongY.Kinetics study on conventional and microwave pyrolysis of moso bamboo. Bioresour Technol. 2014;171:127–131. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.063
27.
LiBWangHWeiYGet al.Physicochemical and mechanical properties of nickel laterite ore powder. Adv Mat Res. 2011;183-185:1741–1745.
28.
WangZYZhangJLXingXDet al.Carburization behavior in reduction of oxide pellets by methane. J Central South Univ (Sci Technol). 2016;47:373–379.
29.
SalemaAAAniFN.Pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch biomass pellets using multimode microwave irradiation. Bioresour Technol. 2012;125:102–107. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.002
30.
MenéndezJAJuárez-PérezEJRuisánchezEet al.Ball lightning plasma and plasma arc formation during the microwave heating of carbons. Carbon N Y. 2011;49:346–349. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2010.09.010
31.
NanWYuJTahmasebiAet al.Experimental study on microwave pyrolysis of an Indonesian low-rank coal. Energy Fuels. 2013;28:254–263.
