A 3D transient CFD–reaction coupled model is developed to predict the slag–metal reaction and desulphurization kinetics in ladle furnace with both molten slag and air layers considered. The coupled model is able to predict the circulating flow field, capture the transient fluctuation characteristics of slag–air and steel–slag phase interfaces as well as the reaction area. Results also indicate that the distribution and evolution of the steel composition under gas stirring is predicted well. The influence of the chemical compositions of molten steel and slag on sulphur removal efficiency is studied. It is displayed that the Al addition into liquid steel or CaO addition into slag would increase the sulphur distribution ratio, resulting in the improvement of desulphurization efficiency.
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