The aim of this work was to investigate the flexural strength and corrosion behaviour of graphene-reinforced WC-10Co-4Cr HVOF coating on sandblasted and laser-textured DH-36 naval-grade steel. In this regard, WC-10Co-4Cr and WC-10Co-4Cr + 3% graphene nanoparticles (GNPs) are applied on DH-36 substrates using the HVOF coating technique and their microhardness, flexural strength and corrosion behaviour are investigated. Amongst all, the flexural strength of WC-10Co-4Cr + 3%GNPs coating on laser-textured sample with pitch-to-diameter (p/d) ratio 2 was minimum (327.006 MPa) due to the effect of GNPs and better mechanical interlocking at the coating-substrate interface. Also, the corrosion resistance of coated DH-36 steel was evaluated by salt spray test; it revealed that corrosion resistance was improved with the application of WC-10Co-4Cr coating, which was further enhanced by the addition of GNPs as GNP has the property of being impermeable to gasses and salts. Further, microstructures and morphologies of the corroded surface were investigated using FE-SEM images.
PamnaniR, VasudevanM, JayakumarT, . Development of activated flux, optimization of welding parameters and characterization of weld joint for DMR-249A shipbuilding steel. Trans Indian Inst Met. 2017;70(1):49–57. doi:10.1007/s12666-016-0857-0
2.
WangD, ZhongQ, YangJ, . The influence of Ni on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of high-strength Low alloy steel in the Cl-containing environment. Anti-Corros Methods Mater. 2022;69(1):9–16. doi:10.1108/ACMM-04-2021-2470
3.
AlamMS, HossainI, DuttaG, . Effects of different scan speeds on microstructural and corrosion properties of additively manufactured HSLA steels in 3.5% NaCl solution. ECS Meet Abstr. 2022;MA2022-02(10):696, doi:10.1149/MA2022-0210696mtgabs
4.
WangY, LiaoB, LiuL, . Phase transition, elastic, and thermodynamic properties of NaF under high pressure. Ph Transit. 2012;85(5):409–418. doi:10.1080/01411594.2011.635521
5.
KimNJ.The physical metallurgy of HSLA linepipe steels—a review. JOM J Miner Met Mater Soc. 1983;35(4):21–27. doi:10.1007/BF03338239
6.
PorterLF, RepasPE.The evolution of HSLA steels. JOM J Miner Met Mater Soc. 1982;34(4):14–21. doi:10.1007/BF03337994
7.
VervyncktS, VerbekenK, LopezB, . Modern HSLA steels and role of non-recrystallisation temperature. Int Mater Rev. 2012;57(4):187–207. doi:10.1179/1743280411Y.0000000013
8.
SharmaAK, Kumar SharmaH.Cooling rate and micro-structural characteristic evaluation of HSLA steel. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2021;1116(1):0012028, doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012028
9.
ZhaoW, FengG, RenH, . Temperature-dependent characteristics of DH36 steel fatigue crack propagation. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct. 2020;43(3):617–627. doi:10.1111/ffe.13177
10.
CharleuxM, PooleWJ, MilitzerM, . Precipitation behavior and its effect on strengthening of an HSLA-Nb/Ti steel. Metall Mater Trans A Phys Metall Mater Sci. 2001;32(7):1635–1647. doi:10.1007/s11661-001-0142-6
11.
QabanA, NaherS.Investigation of corrosion resistance of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel in fresh and salt water for pipeline application. AIP Conf Proc. 2019;2146(August):020021, doi:10.1063/1.5123708
12.
OlorundaisiE, JamiruT, AdegbolaAT.Mitigating the effect of corrosion and wear in the application of high strength low alloy steels (HSLA) in the petrochemical transportation industry—a review. Mater Res Express. 2019;6(12):1265k9k9, doi:10.1088/2053-1591/ab65e7
13.
LiN, KingkamW, BaoZ, . Effect of alloying elements on mechanical properties of high-strength Low-alloy steel. Mater Sci Forum. 2020;1007(MSF):41–46. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1007.41
14.
CuiY, XieC, LiuJ, . Mechanical and corrosion resistance analysis of laser cladding layer. Sci Eng Compos Mater. 2022;29(1):358–363. doi:10.1515/secm-2022-0161
15.
SherifESM, El RayesMM, AbdoHS.WC-Co and WC-Co-Cr coatings for the protection of API pipeline steel from corrosion in 4% NaCl solution. Coatings. 2020;10(3):275, doi:10.3390/coatings10030275
16.
ShuW, DengX, GuoW, . Microstructure and wear resistance of HVOF sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr coating on Ti-6Al-4V. Heat Treat Surf Eng. 2022;4(1):70–75. doi:10.1080/25787616.2022.2148352
17.
BasakAK, AchantaS, De BonteM, . Effect of Al and Cr addition on tribological behaviour of HVOF and APS nanostructured WC-Co coatings. Trans Inst Met Finish. 2007;85(6):310–315. doi:10.1179/174591907X229626
18.
KumarV, VermaR.Effect of GNP and laser-surface texturing on HVOF sprayed WC10Co4Cr coatings for high-wear resistance. Tribol Int. 2023;178(PA):108057, doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2022.108057
19.
Van HauT, Van TrinhP, Van TuN, . Electrodeposited nickel–graphene nanocomposite coating: influence of graphene nanoplatelet size on wear and corrosion resistance. Appl Nanosci. 2021;11(5):1481–1490. doi:10.1007/s13204-021-01780-0
20.
ProcessingM, FotovvatiB, NamdariN, . On coating techniques for surface protection: a review. J Manufact Mater Process. 2019;3(1):28, doi:10.3390/jmmp3010028
21.
LiuY, LiuW, MaY, . A comparative study on wear and corrosion behaviour of HVOF- and HVAF-sprayed WC–10Co–4Cr coatings. Surf Eng. 2017;33(1):63–71. doi:10.1080/02670844.2016.1218194
22.
UsmaniS, SampathS, HouckDL, . Effect of carbide grain size on the sliding and abrasive wear behavior of thermally sprayed WC-Co coatings. Tribol Trans. 1997;40(3):470–478. doi:10.1080/10402009708983682
23.
DerelizadeK, VenturiF, WellmanRG, . Wear performance of graphene nano platelets incorporated WC-Co coatings deposited by hybrid high velocity oxy fuel thermal spray. Wear. 2021;482-483(June):203974, doi:10.1016/j.wear.2021.203974
24.
WangZ, RongX, ZhaoL, . Effects of substrate surface characteristics on the adhesion properties of geopolymer coatings. ACS Omega. 2022;7(14):11988–11994. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c00170
25.
KumarV, VermaR, KumarR.Analysis of the corrosion and wear of WC-10Co-4Cr + GNPs coating applied to HSLA DH-36 steel using HVOF. Surf Topogr Metrol Prop. 2022;10(4):045007, doi:10.1088/2051-672X/ac998e
26.
KumarV, VermaR, KangoS, . Recent progresses and applications in laser-based surface texturing systems. Mater Today Commun. 2021;26(June 2020):101736, doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101736
27.
KromerR, CormierJ, CostilS, . High temperature durability of a bond-coatless plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating system with laser textured Ni-based single crystal substrate. Surf Coat Technol. 2018;337(December 2017):168–176. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.01.006
28.
KromerR, CostilS, VerdyC, . Laser surface texturing to enhance adhesion bond strength of spray coatings – cold spraying, wire-arc spraying, and atmospheric plasma spraying. Surf Coat Technol. 2018;352:642–653. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.007
29.
HardnessAB.Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM Committee; 1999.
30.
Methods S. T.Standard test methods for bend testing of material for ductility 1. Current. 1998;03(February):1–7. doi:10.1520/E0290-22
31.
TanAWY, SunW, BhowmikA, . Effect of coating thickness on microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of cold sprayed Ti6Al4V coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates. Surf Coat Technol. 2018;349(May):303–317. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.05.060
32.
ASTM S. P. B 0117. Operating salt spray (fog) apparatus. ASTM. 2011: 1–12. doi:10.1520/B0117-11.2
33.
JiangF, HirohataM, LiuJ, . Application of accelerated cyclic test with synthetic ocean water salt-deposition process to the evaluation on corrosion characteristics of weathering steel. Corros Eng Sci Technol. 2022;57(3):280–289. doi:10.1080/1478422X.2022.2056286
34.
Gallardo-LópezÁ, Castillo-SeoaneJ, Muñoz-FerreiroC, . Flexure strength and fracture propagation in zirconia ceramic composites with exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets. Ceramics. 2020;3(1):78–91. doi:10.3390/ceramics3010009
35.
SwainB, MallickP, MohapatraSS, . Atmospheric plasma spray coating of NiTi on mild steel substrate: an microstructural investigation. J Bio- Tribo-Corrosion. 2021;7(3):3–7. doi:10.1007/s40735-021-00541-4
36.
GuoT, ChenY, CaoR, . Cleavage cracking of ductile-metal substrates induced by brittle coating fracture. Acta Mater. 2018;152:77–85. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2018.04.017
VetterK, StrehblowH. Formation and shape of corrosion holes during pitting corrosion on iron and theoretical consequences for pitting corrosion. Reports Bunsen Soc. 1970.
39.
SchweitzerPA, SystemsCP, SchweitzerP.Corrosion mechanisms in theory and practice. Corros Mech Theory and Pract. 1996;34:0946, doi:10.5860/choice.34-0946
40.
SunB, ZuoX, ChengX, . Hydrogen bonding interactions of H2O and SiOH on a boroaluminosilicate glass corroded in aqueous solution. NPJ Mater Degrad. 2020;4(1):1–9. doi:10.1038/s41529-019-0105-2
41.
WeiXX, ZhangB, WuB, . Enhanced corrosion resistance by engineering crystallography on metals. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28368-8
42.
BöhmS.Graphene against corrosion. Nat Nanotechnol. 2014;9(10):741–742. doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.220
