The concentration distribution of electrons and free radicals in remote argon plasma were studied by using a langmuir probe and electron spin resonance. The polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were modified by remote argon plasma, analyzing the hydrophilic properties and antifouling of modified membranes surface. Furthermore, the membranes were characterized for their morphologies and chemical compositions by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The experimental results showed that the optimal region was 40 cm away from the discharge center. In the optimal condition of modification (RF power of 90 W, treatment time of 90 s and pressure of 20 Pa), the water contact angle of the PVDF membrane was reduced from 95.63 ° to 62.19 °. Simultaneously, the membrane has good water flux at about 151.98 L·(m2·h)-1, the maximum rejection rate and the minimum fouling rate were 90.0% and 34.70%, respectively.
TianJ, WuC, YuH, Applying ultraviolet/persulfate (UV/PS) pre-oxidation for controlling ultrafiltration membrane fouling by natural organic matter (NOM) in surface water. Water Res. 2018;132:190–199. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.005.
2.
GaoC, WuH, GuoS, Study on ultrafiltration-reverse osmosis technology in the treatment of deep ocean water. IOP Conference Series. Earth Environ Sci. 2021;632: 032032, DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/632/3/032032.
3.
LiuF, HashimNA, LiuY, Progress in the production and modification of PVDF membranes. J Memb Sci. 2011;375:1–27. DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2011.03.014.
4.
LiH, WangW, ZhangY.Research progress of hydrophilization modification of polyvinylidene fluoride membranes. Polym Bull. 2014;07:24–29. DOI:10.14028/j.cnki.1003-3726.2014.07.002.
5.
TripathiBP, DubeyNC, SubairR, Enhanced hydrophilic and antifouling polyacrylonitrile membrane with polydopamine modified silica nanoparticles. RSC Adv. 2016;6:4448–4457. DOI:10.1039/C5RA22160A.
6.
WangJ, LuoC, QiG, Mechanism study of selective heavy metal ion removal with polypyrrole-functionalized polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mats. Appl Surf Sci. 2014;316:245–250. DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.07.198.
7.
KangG, CaoY.Application and modification of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes – a review. J Memb Sci. 2014;463:145–165. DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2014.03.055.
8.
ZhaoX, HuY, WuY, Effects of pre-oxidant (KMnO4) on structure and performance of PVDF and PES membranes. Chin J Chem Eng. 2018;26:2461–2470. DOI:10.1016/j.cjche.2018.02.021.
9.
ZambareRS, DhopteKB, PatwardhanAV, Polyamine functionalized graphene oxide polysulfone mixed matrix membranes with improved hydrophilicity and anti-fouling properties. Desalination. 2017;403:24–35. DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.003.
10.
QiaoyingW, YufeiG, ZhiweiW, Effects of graphene derivatives on PVDF membrane modification evaluated with XDLVO theory and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. Water Environ Res. 2020, DOI:10.1002/wer.1418.
11.
MillerDJ, DreyerDR, BielawskiCW, Surface modification of water purification membranes. Angew Chem, Int Ed. 2017;56:4662–4711. DOI:10.1002/anie.201601509.
12.
WangZX, JiangX, ChengXQ, Mussel-inspired hybrid coatings that transform membrane hydrophobicity into high hydrophilicity an underwater superoleophobicity for oil-in-water emulsion separation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015;7:9534–9545. DOI:10.1021/acsami.5b00894.
13.
HegazyE-SA, Abdel GhaffarAM, AliHE.Characterization and radiation modification of low density polyethylene/polystyrene/maleic anhydride/magnesium hydroxide blend nanocomposite. Mater Chem Phys. 2020;252:123204, DOI:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123204.
14.
QinA, LiX, ZhaoX, Engineering a highly hydrophilic PVDF membrane via binding TiO2 nanoparticles and a PVA layer onto a membrane surface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015;7:8427–8436. DOI:10.1021/acsami.5b00978.
15.
AsensioM, NuezK, GuerreroJ, Rheological modification of recycled polyethylene terephthalate: blending and reactive extrusion. Polym Degrad Stab. 2020;179:109258, DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109258.
16.
BirajdarRS, ChikkaliSH.Insertion copolymerization of functional olefins: Quo Vadis?Eur Polym J. 2021;143:110183, DOI:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110183.
17.
ToomaMA, NajimTS, AlsalhyQF, Modification of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane for vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) application. Desalination. 2015;373:58–70. DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2015.07.008.
18.
Damar HunerI, GulecHA.Fouling behavior of poly(ether)sulfone ultrafiltration membrane during concentration of whey proteins: effect of hydrophilic modification using atmospheric pressure argon jet plasma. Colloids Surf B. 2017;160:510–519. DOI:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.003.
19.
VrliniT, VeselA, CvelbarU, Rapid surface functionalization of poly(ethersulphone) foils using a highly reactive oxygen-plasma treatment. Surf Interface Anal. 2007;39:476–481. DOI:10.1002/sia.2548.
20.
KosobrodovaE, KondyurinA, ChrzanowskiW, Plasma immersion ion implantation of a two-phase blend of polysulfone and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Mater Des. 2016;97:381–391. DOI:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.02.124.
21.
ZhangL, ShenS, ZhangY, Modification of polyvinylidene fluoride membrane by blending with cationic polyionic liquid. Desalin Water Treat. 2020;189:119–125. DOI:10.5004/dwt.2020.25636.
22.
ShahV, WangB, LiK.Blending modification to porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes prepared via combined crystallisation and diffusion (CCD) technique-ScienceDirect. J Memb Sci. 2021;618:118708, DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118708.
23.
ZhaoX, LanY, YangK, Antifouling modification of PVDF membranes via in situ mixed-charge copolymerization and TiO2 mineralization. Appl Surf Sci. 2020;525:146564, DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146564.
24.
MeimounJ, WiatzV, Saint-LoupR, Modification of starch by graft copolymerization. Starch-Strke. 2018;70; DOI:10.1002/star.201600351.
25.
KaysserW.Surface modifications in aerospace applications[J]. Surf Eng. 2013;17:305–312. DOI:10.1179/026708401101517926.
26.
MccoustraM, MatherRR.Plasma modification of textiles: understanding the mechanisms involved. Text Prog. 2018;50:185–229. DOI:10.1080/00405167.2019.1637115.
27.
WeiX, ZhaoB, LiXM, CF4 plasma surface modification of asymmetric hydrophilic polyethersulfone membranes for direct contact membrane distillation. J Memb Sci. 2012;407–408:164–175. DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2012.03.031.
28.
GuQY, JiaZQ.Preparation of quaternized polyvinylidene fluoride membranes by gamma-ray irradiation induced graft polymerization and their antibacterial property. React Funct Polym. 2013;73:1114–1121. DOI:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.04.009.
29.
DimitrakellisP, GogolidesE.Atmospheric plasma etching of polymers: a palette of applications in cleaning/ashing, pattern formation, nanotexturing and superhydrophobic surface fabrication. Microelectron Eng. 2018;194:109–115. DOI:10.1016/j.mee.2018.03.017.
30.
AfkhamS, RaisiA, AroujalianA.Reducing fouling of polyethersulfone microfiltration membranes by corona air plasma. Desalin Water Treat. 2016;57:26976–26992. DOI:10.1080/19443994.2016.1175384.
31.
HensleyP, CarneyC. Method for plasma charging a probe: US 2004.
32.
HamedA, AbosaeedR, MohammadEY, Effect of nitrogen plasma treatment and direct dye on zeta potential of cotton fabric. Orient J Chem. 2017;34:301–313. DOI:10.13005/ojc/340133.
33.
ZhangP, ZhangL, XuL.Study on the influence of electron angular distribution on mask pattern damage in plasma etching. Plasma Processes Polym. 2020;17; DOI:10.1002/ppap.202000014.
34.
ZhangP, ZhangL, LvK.Exploring the effects of placement and electron angular distribution on two adjacent mask holes during plasma etching process. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2020;40:1605–1620. DOI:10.1007/s11090-020-10113-y.
LiR, LiangY, LiQ, Studies on surface properties of polyethersulfone membrane by remote argon plasma. Vacuum. 2020;175:109276, DOI:10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109276.
37.
SchützeA, JeongJY, BabayanSE, The atmospheric-pressure plasma jet: a review and comparison to other plasma sources. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci. 1998;26:1685–1694. DOI:10.1109/27.747887.
38.
PashchinaAS, KarmatskyRE.Using triple Langmuir probe method for study high-speed plasma flow created by a pulsed capillary discharge. J Phys Confer Ser. 2018;1112:012023, DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/1112/1/012023.
39.
BaoshouY, ChenY, JiushanJ, Application of oxygen free radical detection methods in biology and medicine. Anim Sci Anim Med. 1999;16(3):20–22. DOI:CNKI: SUN: TJXM.0.1999-03-009. (in Chinese).
40.
ChiparaM, Reyes RomeroJ, ChiparaMD, ESR studies on laser beam irradiated polyethyleneterephtalate. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res . 2003;211:117–121. DOI:10.1016/S0168-583X(03)01179-0.
ErichEK, LawrenceHL.Electrical breakdown and discharges in gases. Springer. 1983;89:293–346. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4684-4409-4.
43.
UbaidUR, ShafiqM, NaeemM, Enhanced surface properties of AISI-304 using bi-step cathodic cage plasma processing. Vacuum. 2018;151:243–246. DOI:10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.02.022.
44.
JunkarI, VeselA, CvelbarU, Influence of oxygen and nitrogen plasma treatment on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymers. Vacuum. 2009;84:83–85. DOI:10.1016/j.vacuum.2009.04.011.
45.
Pegalajar-JuradoA, MannMN, MaynardMR, Hydrophilic modification of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes by low temperature water vapor plasma treatment to enhance performance. Plasma Process and Polymers. 2016;13:598–610. DOI:10.1002/ppap.201500121.
46.
AbednejadAS, AmoabedinyG, GhaeeA.Surface modification of polypropylene membrane by polyethylene glycol graft polymerization. Mater Sci Eng. 2014;42:443–450. DOI:10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.060.
PalD, NeogiS, DeS.Improved antifouling characteristics of acrylonitrile co-polymer membrane by low temperature pulsed ammonia plasma in the treatment of oil-water emulsion. Vacuum. 2016;131:293–304. DOI:10.1016/j.vacuum.2016.07.010.
49.
ReisR, DuméeLF, TardyBL, Towards enhanced performance thin-film composite membranes via surface plasma modification. Sci Rep. 2016;6:29206, DOI:10.1038/srep29206.
50.
RuL, Jie RongC.Studies on wettability of medical polyvinylchloride by remote argon plasma. Appl Surf Sci. 2006;252:5076–5082. DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.07.045.
