This study aimed to control the degradation of Mg–Zn–Ca alloy and improve its biocompatibility using a biodegradable Zn-modified calcium phosphate coating via dual-pulse electrodeposition. The formation mode and process of the coating were studied herein. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the coating particles were compactly and neatly packed, and X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the coating comprises CaZn2(PO4)2•2H2O. The introduction of Zn changes the formation mechanism of coating. The degradation behaviour of the coated Mg alloy was investigated via immersion test and electrochemical test in simulated body fluid. The results show that this non-stoichiometric Zn-modified calcium phosphate coating is biodegradable and has a better protective effect. In addition, the Zn-containing coating has hydrophilic property which is beneficial to enhance the cellular response to the implant's surface and increase apatite formation rate.
ZhengYF, GuXN, WitteF.Biodegradable metals. Mat Sci Eng R. 2014;77:1–34.
2.
ZouYH, WangJ, CuiLY, Corrosion resistance and antibacterial activity of zinc-loaded montmorillonite coatings on biodegradable magnesium alloy AZ31. Acta Biomater. 2019;98:196–214.
3.
GuanXR, ZhuHD, ShiJW, Influence of zinc-dipping on electroless nickel coating on magnesium alloy. Surf Eng. 2019;35:906–912.
4.
RoshanNR, HassannejadH, NouriA.Corrosion and mechanical behaviour of biodegradable PLA-cellulose nanocomposite coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy. Surf Eng. 2020. doi:10.1080/02670844.2020.1776093.
5.
SongXZ, ChangL, WangJ, Investigation on the in vitro cytocompatibility of Mg-Zn-Y-Nd-Zr alloys as degradable orthopaedic implant materials. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2018;29:44.
6.
ConstantinoME, CampilloB, StaiaMH, Pulsed electrode deposition of superhard coatings on steel substrates: microstructural and chemical study. Surf Eng. 2006;22(3):212–218.
7.
JiXJ, ChengQ, WangJ, Corrosion resistance and antibacterial effects of hydroxyapatite coating induced by polyacrylic acid and gentamicin sulfate on magnesium alloy. Front Mater Sci. 2019;13(1):87–98.
8.
WangHX, GuanSK, WangX, In vitro degradation and mechanical integrity of Mg-Zn-Ca alloy coated with Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite by the pulse electrodeposition process. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:1743–1748.
9.
SaadatiA, HesarikiaH, NouraniMR, Electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyapatite coating on biodegradable Mg-4Zn-4Sn-0.6Ca-0.5Mn alloy. Surf Eng. 2019. doi:10.1080/02670844.2019.1661145.
10.
FanXL, LiCY, WangYB, Corrosion resistance of an amino acid-bioinspired calcium phosphate coating on magnesium alloy AZ31. J Mater Sci Technol. 2020;49:224–235.
11.
WangY, LiX, ChenM, In vitro and in vivo degradation behavior and biocompatibility evaluation of microarc oxidation-fluoridated hydroxyapatite-coated Mg-Zn-Zr-Sr alloy for bone application. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2019;5(6):2858–2876.
12.
SonamuthuJ, SamayananS, JeyaramanAR, Influences of ionic liquid and temperature on the tailorable surface morphology of F-apatite nanocomposites for enhancing biological abilities for orthopedic implantation. Mat Sci Eng C. 2018;84:99–107.
13.
MakkarP, KangHJ, PadalhinAR.In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of strontium doped calcium phosphate coatings on biodegradable magnesium alloy for bone applications. Appl Surf Sci. 2020;510:145333.
14.
WangT, YangG, ZhouW, One-pot hydrothermal synthesis, in vitro biodegradation and biocompatibility of Sr-doped nanorod/nanowire hydroxyapatite coatings on ZK60 magnesium alloy. J Alloy Compd. 2019;799:71–82.
15.
ZhangRN, ZhangLL.A functionalised carbon nanotube-gelatin-Zn doped HA composite coating for bone grafting application. Mater Technol. 2020. doi:10.1080/10667857.2020.1760508
16.
WangZ, WangXY, TianY, Degradation and osteogenic induction of a SrHPO4-coated Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy intramedullary nail in a rat femoral shaft fracture model. Biomaterials. 2020;247:119962.
17.
YuJM, XuLZ, LiK, Zinc-modified calcium Silicate coatings promote Osteogenic Differentiation through TGF-beta/Smad pathway and osseointegration in osteopenic rabbits. Sci Rep. 2017;7:3440.
18.
O'ConnorJP, KanjilalD, TeitelbaumM, Zinc as a therapeutic agent in bone regeneration. Materials. 2020;13(10):2211.
19.
PopaCL, DeniaudA, Michaud-SoretI, Structural and biological assessment of zinc doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. J Nanomater. 2016;2016:1062878.
20.
FurkoM, JiangYH, WilkinsT, Development and characterization of silver and zinc doped bioceramic layer on metallic implant materials for orthopaedic application. Ceram Int. 2016;42:4924–4931.
21.
ChenHY, ZhangEL, YangK.Microstructure, corrosion properties and bio-compatibility of calcium zinc phosphate coating on pure iron for biomedical application. Mat Sci Eng C. 2014;34:201–206.
22.
Prado Da SilvaMH, MouraFN, Navarro Da RochaD, Zinc-modified hydroxyapatite coatings obtained from parascholzite alkali conversion. Surf Coat Tech. 2014;249:109–117.
23.
ParkMG, ChoeHC.Corrosion behaviors of Zn, Si, and Mn-doped hydroxyapatite coatings formed on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation. J Nanosci Nanotechno. 2020;20(9):5618–5624.
24.
ChakrabortyR, MandalM, SahaP.Electrochemical stability and bio-mineralization capability of zinc substituted and elemental zinc reinforced calcium phosphate composite coatings synthesized through pulsed electro-deposition. Ceram Int. 2019;45(17):22899–22911.
25.
ZengRC, SunXX, SongYW, Influence of solution temperature on corrosion resistance of Zn-Ca phosphate conversion coating on biomedical Mg-Li-Ca alloys. T Non Ferr Metal Soc. 2013;23:3293–3299.
26.
CuiLY, GaoSD, LiPP, Corrosion resistance of a self-healing microarc oxidation/polymethyltrimethoxysilane composite coating on magnesium alloy AZ31. Corros Sci. 2017;118:84–95.
27.
AfflerbachS, SharmaS, TrettinR.Synthesis, reversibility and mechanism of the dehydration of monoclinic CaZn2(PO4)(2)center dot 2H(2)O. J Solid State Chem. 2018;265:274–284.
28.
FurkoM, JiangYH, WilkinsT, Development and characterization of silver and zinc doped bioceramic layer on metallic implant materials for orthopedic application. Ceram Int. 2016;42:4924–4931.
29.
KaracanI, SenturkD, OktarFN, Structural and characterisation analysis of zinc-substituted hydroxyapatite with wet chemical precipitation method. Int J Nano Biomater. 2016;6:188–204.
30.
XiaW, FuL, EngqvistH.Critical cracking thickness of calcium phosphates biomimetic coating: Verification via a Singh-Tirumkudulu model. Ceram Int. 2017;43:15729–15734.
31.
SunRX, LiuP, ZhangRX, Hydrothermal synthesis of microstructured fluoridated hydroxyapatite coating on magnesium alloy. Surf Eng. 2016;32:879–884.
ErikssonC, NygrenH, OhlsonK.Implantation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic titanium discs in rat tibia: cellular reactions on the surfaces during the first 3 weeks in bone. Biomaterials. 2004;25:4759–4766.
34.
HotchkissKM, ClarkNM, OlivaresNR.Macrophage response to hydrophilic biomaterials regulates MSC recruitment and T-helper cell populations. Biomaterials. 2018;182:202–215.
