Electroless Ni-P-NiTi composite coatings were prepared on API X100 steel substrates by co-depositing Ti particles and Ni-P then followed by annealing Ni-P-Ti coatings. The formation of austenite NiTi phase was validated by XRD, line scan and point EDS. The Gibbs free energies for the formation of various intermetallic NiTi phases during annealing were calculated. The nanoindentation behaviour of annealed Ni-P-Ti coatings was investigated. Mechanical properties such as hardness and Young's modulus of Ni-P matrix, Ni3Ti, and NiTi are acquired by nanoindentation tests. Elastic recovery ratio was calculated from the load-depth curves of nanoindentation tests. Nanoindentation results revealed that the NiTi phase has much higher recovery ratio compared to Ni-P matrix and Ni3Ti. The mechanism for the high recovery ratio was discussed.
XiaZ, ZhangM, ZhangY, Effects of Ni-P amorphous films on mechanical and corrosion properties of Al0.3CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys. Intermetallics. 2018;94:65–72. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2017.12.021
2.
González-GutiérrezA, Pech-CanulM, Chan-RosadoG, Studies on the physical and electrochemical properties of Ni-P coating on commercial aluminum as bipolar plate in PEMFC. Fuel. 2019;235:1361–1367. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.104
3.
ParkIC, KimSJ.Cavitation erosion behavior in seawater of electroless Ni-P coating and process optimization using Taguchi method. Appl Surf Sci. 2019;477:37–43. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.033
4.
WangC, FarhatZ, JarjouraG, Indentation and bending behavior of electroless Ni-P-Ti composite coatings on pipeline steel. Surf Coat Technol. 2018;334:243–252. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.10.074
5.
LiZ, FarhatZN, JarjouraG, Synthesis and characterization of scratch resistant Ni-P-Ti based composite coating. Tribo Trans. 2019;62:880–896. doi: 10.1080/10402004.2019.1634227
6.
HuR, SuY, LiuY, Deposition process and properties of electroless Ni-P-Al2O3 composite coatings on Magnesium alloy. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2018;13:1–8. doi: 10.1186/s11671-017-2411-3
7.
CzagányM, BaumliP.Effect of surfactants on the behavior of the Ni-P bath and on the formation of electroless Ni-P-TiC composite coatings. Surf Coat Technol. 2019;361:42–49. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.01.046
8.
SafaviMS, RasooliA.Ni-P-TiO2 nanocomposite coatings with uniformly dispersed Ni3Ti intermetallics: effects of TiO2 nanoparticles concentration. Surf Eng. 2019;35:1070–1080. doi: 10.1080/02670844.2018.1564475
9.
NeupaneR, FarhatZ.Wear and dent resistance of superelastic TiNi alloy. Wear. 2013;301:682–687. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2012.11.017
10.
FarhatZ, JarjouraG, ShahirniaM.Dent resistance and effect of indentation loading rate on superelastic TiNi alloy. Metall Mater Trans A. 2013;44:3544–3551. doi: 10.1007/s11661-013-1727-6
11.
MacLeanM, FarhatZ, JarjouraG, Fabrication and investigation of the scratch and indentation behaviour of new generation Ni-P-nano-NiTi composite coating for oil and gas pipelines. Wear. 2019;426–427:265–276. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2019.01.058
12.
AngioniSL, MeoM, ForemanA.Impact damage resistance and damage suppression properties of shape memory alloys in hybrid composites — a review. Smart Mater Struct. 2011;20:013001–013024. doi: 10.1088/0964-1726/20/1/013001
ManchurajuS, KroegerA, SomsenC, Pseudoelastic deformation and size effects during in situ transmission electron microscopy tensile testing of NiTi. Acta Mater. 2012;60:2770–2777. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.01.043
15.
ChenY, MolnárováO, TycO, Recoverability of large strains and deformation twinning in martensite during tensile deformation of NiTi shape memory alloy polycrystals. Acta Mater. 2019;180:243–259. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2019.09.012
16.
WenSP, ZongRL, ZengF.Nanoindentation and nanoscratch behaviors of Ag/Ni multilayers. Appl Surf Sci. 2009;255:4558–4562. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.12.001
17.
ZhangC, FarhatZN.Sliding wear of superelastic TiNi alloy. Wear. 2009;267:394–400. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2008.12.093
18.
LiuR, LiDY, XieYS, Indentation behavior of pseudoelastic TiNi alloy. Scripta Mater. 1999;41:691–696. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6462(99)00199-2
19.
OliverWC, PharrGM.An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J Mater Res. 2011;7:1564–1583. doi: 10.1557/JMR.1992.1564
20.
LiZ, FarhatZ.Hertzian indentation behavior of Ni-P-Ti coatings. Metall Mater Trans A. 2020;51:3674–3691. doi: 10.1007/s11661-020-05795-0
21.
ZhaoY, JiangC, XuZ, Microstructure and corrosion behavior of Ti nanoparticles reinforced Ni–Ti composite coatings by electrodeposition. Mater Des. 2015;85:39–46. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.144
22.
SerekA, BudniokA.Electrodeposition and thermal treatment of nickel layers containing titanium. J Alloys Compd. 2003;352:290–295. doi: 10.1016/S0925-8388(02)01154-4
Pazy-PuenteAE, DunandDC.Shape-memory characterization of NiTi microtubes fabricated through interdiffusion of Ti-coated Ni wires. Acta Mater. 2018;156:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.06.012
27.
LaengJ, XiuZ, XuX, Phase formation of Ni–Ti via solid state reaction. Phys Scr. 2007;T129:250–254. doi: 10.1088/0031-8949/2007/T129/056
28.
HuL, XueY, ShiF.Intermetallic formation and mechanical properties of Ni-Ti diffusion couples. Mater Des. 2017;130:175–182. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.05.055
29.
ShastryVV, RamamurtyU.Simultaneous measurement of mechanical and electrical contact resistances during nanoindentation of NiTi shape memory alloys. Acta Mater. 2013;61:5119–5129. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.04.049
30.
WangL, WangC, LuW, Superelasticity of NiTi–Nb metallurgical bonding via nanoindentation observation. Mater Lett. 2015;161:255–258. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2015.08.089
31.
HuangX, NohavaJ, ZhangB, Nanoindentation of NiTi shape memory thin films at elevated temperatures. Int J Smart Nano Mater. 2011;2:39–49. doi: 10.1080/19475411.2011.558179
32.
CameronN, FarhatZ.Investigation into the wear and dent resistance of Ni/Ti Nanolaminates and superelastic NiTi coating. J Mater Eng Perform. 2019;28:6033–6041. doi: 10.1007/s11665-019-04377-5
33.
ChenJ, ZhaoG, ZhangY, Metastable phase evolution and nanoindentation behavior of amorphous Ni–Cu–P coating during heat treatment process. J Alloys Compd. 2019;805:597–608. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.07.068
34.
SribalajiM, Asiq-RahmanOS, LahaT, Nanoindentation and nanoscratch behavior of electroless deposited nickel-phosphorous coating. Mater Chem Phys. 2016;177:220–228. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.04.022
35.
Salicio-PazA, GrandeH, PellicerE, Monolayered versus multilayered electroless NiP coatings: impact of the plating approach on the microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of the coatings. Surf Coat Technol. 2019;368:138–146. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.04.013
36.
TienSK, DuhJG, ChenYI.The influence of thermal treatment on the microstructure and hardness in electroless Ni–P–W deposit. Thin Solid Films. 2004;469-470:333–338. doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2004.08.146
37.
ValentiniR, CavaliereP, ValeriniD.Nanoindentation and scratch behaviour of Ni–P electroless coatings. Tribol Mater Surf Interfaces. 2020;14:22–32. doi: 10.1080/17515831.2019.1665787
38.
KuloN, HeS, EckerW, Thermodynamic and mechanical stability of Ni3X-type intermetallic compounds. Intermetallics. 2019;114:106604–106613. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2019.106604
39.
CaoY, ZhuJ, LiuY, First-principles studies of the structural, elastic, electronic and thermal properties of γ′-Ni3Ti. Physica B. 2013;412:45–49. doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2012.12.020
40.
YangH, WangZ, ZhangH, Microstructure and nanoindentation behaviour of Ni surface modified Ti6Al4V. Surf Eng. 2014;31:923–929. doi: 10.1179/1743294414Y.0000000406
41.
LaplancheG, Pfetzing-MicklichJ, EggelerG.Orientation dependence of stress-induced martensite formation during nanoindentation in NiTi shape memory alloys. Acta Mater. 2014;68:19–31. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.01.006
42.
Pfetzing-MicklichJ, SomsenC, DlouhyA, On the crystallographic anisotropy of nanoindentation in pseudoelastic NiTi. Acta Mater. 2013;61:602–616. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.09.081
43.
RajuKSSE, BysakhS, SumeshMA, The effect of ageing on microstructure and nanoindentation behaviour of dc magnetron sputter deposited nickel rich NiTi films. Mater Sci Eng A. 2008;476:267–273. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.04.101
44.
ChenY, TycO, KadeřávekL, Temperature and microstructure dependence of localized tensile deformation of superelastic NiTi wires. Mater Des. 2019;174:107797–107797. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107797
45.
SherifMM, OzbulutOE.Tensile and superelastic fatigue characterization of NiTi shape memory cables. Smart Mater Struct. 2017;27:015007–015020. doi: 10.1088/1361-665X/aa9819
46.
FarhatZN, ZhangC.The role of reversible martensitic transformation in the wear process of tini shape memory alloy. Tribol Trans. 2010;53:917–926. doi: 10.1080/10402004.2010.510620
