The effect of the pre-friction extrusion microstructure of AZ91 billet on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of AZ91-bioactive glass surface composite rods was investigated. The results show that friction extrusion on AZ91 alloy billet with cast microstructure results in agglomerated bioactive glass particles in the composite rod microstructure. Compared to as-cast AZ91 alloy, friction extrusion on AZ91 alloy billet with cast microstructure results in 93% more corrosion resistance. Also, friction extrusion on AZ91 alloy billet with extruded microstructure leads to a gradient AZ91-bioactive glass composite rod with ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and corrosion resistance of 9, 2, and 74% higher than AZ91 alloy rods, respectively.
RadhaR, SreekanthD.Insight of magnesium alloys and composites for orthopedic implant applications – a review. J Magn Alloys. 2017;5:286–312. doi:10.1016/j.jma.2017.08.003
2.
BommalaVK, KrishnaMG, RaoCT.Magnesium matrix composites for biomedical applications: a review. Magn Alloys. 2019;7:72–79. doi:10.1016/j.jma.2018.11.001
3.
HeM, ChenL, YinM, . Review on magnesium and magnesium-based alloys as biomaterials for bone immobilization. J Mater Res Technol. 2023;23:4396–4419. doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.02.037
ChenB, YinK-Y, LuT-F, . AZ91 magnesium alloy/porous hydroxyapatite composite for potential application in bone repair. J Mater Sci Technol. 2016;32:858–864. doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2016.06.010
6.
Del CampoR, SavoiniB, MuñozA, . Mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg–HAP composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2014;39:238–246. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.07.014
7.
LiS, SongS, YuT, . Microstructure and fracture surfaces of carbon nanotubes/magnesium matrix composite. In: KeW, HanE H, HanY F, editors. Materials science forum. Beijing: Trans Tech Publ; 2005. p. 893–896.
HuanZ, LeeflangS, ZhouJ, . In vitro degradation behavior and bioactivity of magnesium-bioglass® composites for orthopedic applications. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater. 2012;100:437–446. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.31968
10.
Del CampoR, SavoiniB, MuñozA, . Processing and mechanical characteristics of magnesium-hydroxyapatite metal matrix biocomposites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2017;69:135–143. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.12.023
11.
DuttaS, DeviKB, MandalS, . In vitro corrosion and cytocompatibility studies of hot press sintered magnesium-bioactive glass composite. Materialia. 2019;5:100245. doi:10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100245
12.
YinY, HuangQ, LiangL, . In vitro degradation behavior and cytocompatibility of ZK30/bioactive glass composites fabricated by selective laser melting for biomedical applications. J Alloys Compd. 2019;785:38–45. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.165
13.
GelawM, RamuluPJ, HailuD, . Manufacturing and mechanical characterization of square bar made of aluminium scraps through friction stir back extrusion process. J Eng, Des Technol. 2018;16:596–615. doi:10.1108/JEDT-02-2018-0030
14.
YohannesG, BeriH, RamuluPJ.Fabrication of hexagonal bar from aluminum alloy AA6063 scrap by frictional stir back extrusion on milling machine. In: Ganesh NarayananR, JoshiS N, DixitU S, editors. Advances in computational methods in manufacturing. Singapore: Springer; 2019. p. 733–742.
15.
SharifzadehM, Ali AnsariM, NarvanM, . Evaluation of wear and corrosion resistance of pure Mg wire produced by friction stir extrusion. Trans Nonferr Met Soc China. 2015;25:1847–1855. doi:10.1016/S1003-6326(15)63791-8
16.
LiJ, MengX, LiY, . Friction stir extrusion for fabricating Mg-RE alloys with high strength and ductility. Mater Lett. 2021;289:129414. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2021.129414
17.
BaffariD, BuffaG, CampanellaD, . Process mechanics in friction stir extrusion of magnesium alloys chips through experiments and numerical simulation. J Manuf Process. 2017;29:41–49. doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.07.010
18.
JahaniA, Jamshidi AvalH, RajabiM, . Effects of Ti2SnC MAX phase reinforcement content on the properties of copper matrix composite produced by friction stir back extrusion process. Mater Chem Phys. 2023;299:127497. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127497
19.
JahaniA, Jamshidi AvalH, RajabiM, . Effects of primary sintering on microstructure and properties of friction stir back extruded Cu–Ti2SnC wire composite. Archiv Civil Mech Eng. 2023;23:136. doi:10.1007/s43452-023-00641-7
20.
LiX, ZhouC, OvermanN, . Copper carbon composite wire with a uniform carbon dispersion made by friction extrusion. J Manuf Process. 2021;65:397–406. doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.03.055
21.
JahaniA, Jamshidi AvalH, RajabiM, . Microstructures and properties of copper matrix composite wires reinforced with Ti2SnC particles. Mater Sci Technol. 2023: 1–17. doi:10.1080/02670836.2023.2180595
22.
KhorashadizadeF, AbazariS, RajabiM, . Overview of magnesium-ceramic composites: mechanical, corrosion and biological properties. J Mater Res Technol. 2021;15:6034–6066. doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.10.141
23.
El-RashidyAA, RoetherJA, HarhausL, . Regenerating bone with bioactive glass scaffolds: a review of in vivo studies in bone defect models. Acta Biomater. 2017;62:1–28. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.030
24.
MotavallianP, RabieeSM, Jamshidi AvalH.Investigation of microstructure and corrosion behavior of AZ91/64SiO2-31CaO-5P2O5 composite wire fabricated by friction stir back extrusion. Surf Coat Technol. 2023;464:129451. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.129451
25.
KokuboT, TakadamaH.How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity?Biomaterials. 2006;27:2907–2915. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017
26.
BehnaghRA, ShenN, AnsariMA, . Experimental analysis and microstructure modeling of friction stir extrusion of magnesium chips. J Manuf Sci Eng. 2016;138:041008. doi:10.1115/1.4031281
27.
MotavallianP, RabieeSM, Jamshidi AvalH.Fabrication of new gradient AZ91-bioactive glass composite using friction stir back extrusion. Mater Today Commun. 2023;35:105808. doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105808
28.
BørvikT, LangsethM, HopperstadOS, . Ballistic penetration of steel plates. Int J Impact Eng. 1999;22:855–886. doi:10.1016/S0734-743X(99)00011-1
29.
RahamanMM, PathakA, RoyD.A thermo-visco-plastic damage model and SPH simulations of plugging failure. Mech Adv Mater Struct. 2018;25:1374–1382. doi:10.1080/15376494.2017.1286419
30.
MarodeRV, PedapatiSR, LemmaTA, . Thermo-mechanical modelling of friction stir processing of AZ91 alloy: using smoothed-particle hydrodynamics. Lubricants. 2022;10:355. doi:10.3390/lubricants10120355
31.
AsadiP, MahdavinejadRA, TutunchilarS.Simulation and experimental investigation of FSP of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011;528:6469–6477. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2011.05.035
32.
LiL, GuptaV, LiX, . Meshfree simulation and experimental validation of extreme thermomechanical conditions in friction stir extrusion. Comput Part Mech. 2021;9:789–809. doi:10.1007/s40571-021-00445-7
33.
YourdkhaniM, HubertP.Quantitative dispersion analysis of inclusions in polymer composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2013;5:35–41. doi:10.1021/am301459q
34.
AsadiP, AkbariM.Numerical modeling and experimental investigation of brass wire forming by friction stir back extrusion. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2021;116:3231–3245. doi:10.1007/s00170-021-07729-5
35.
AkbariM, AsadiP.Optimization of microstructural and mechanical properties of brass wire produced by friction stir extrusion using Taguchi method. Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part L: J Mater: Des Appl. 2021;235:2709–2719. doi:10.1177/14644207211032992
36.
LalpoorM, DzwonczykJS, HortN, . Nucleation mechanism of Mg17Al12-precipitates in binary Mg–7wt.% Al alloy. J Alloys Compd. 2013;557:73–76. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.12.116
37.
Abd El-RehimAF, ZahranHY, Al-MasoudHM, . Microhardness and microstructure characteristics of AZ91 magnesium alloy under different cooling rate conditions. Mater Res Express. 2019;6:086572. doi:10.1088/2053-1591/ab1ad6
38.
KandilA.Microstructure and mechanical properties of sicp/az91 magnesium matrix composites processed by stir casting, JES. J Eng Sci. 2012;40:255–270. doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.11.005
39.
EsgandariBA, MehrjooH, NamiB, . The effect of Ca and RE elements on the precipitation kinetics of Mg17Al12 phase during artificial aging of magnesium alloy AZ91. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011;528:5018–5024. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2011.03.022
40.
YousefpourF, JamaatiR, AvalHJ.Investigation of microstructure, crystallographic texture, and mechanical behavior of magnesium-based nanocomposite fabricated via multi-pass FSP for biomedical applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2022;125:104894. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104894
41.
Mena-MorcilloE, VelevaL.Degradation of AZ31 and AZ91 magnesium alloys in different physiological media: effect of surface layer stability on electrochemical behaviour. J Magn Alloys. 2020;8:667–675. doi:10.1016/j.jma.2020.02.014
42.
CubidesY, ZhaoD, NashL, . Effects of dynamic recrystallization and strain-induced dynamic precipitation on the corrosion behavior of partially recrystallized Mg–9Al–1Zn alloys. J Magn Alloys. 2020;8:1016–1037. doi:10.1016/j.jma.2020.09.005
43.
AbbasA, HuangS-J.Investigating the synergic effects of WS2 and ECAP on degradation behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Coatings. 2022;12:1710. doi:10.3390/coatings12111710
44.
AnsariMA, BehnaghRA, NarvanM, . Optimization of friction stir extrusion (FSE) parameters through taguchi technique. Trans Indian Inst Met. 2016;69:1351–1357. doi:10.1007/s12666-015-0686-6
