The microstructure, mechanical properties and degradation behaviour of Mg95Y3Zn2 (MYZ), Mg95Y3Zn1Cu1 (MYZC), and Mg95Y3Cu2 (MYC) (at.-%) alloys have been studied. All the alloys mainly contain α-Mg matrix and LPSO phase. By substituting Zn for Cu, the composition of the LPSO phase transformed from Mg–Y–Zn to Mg–Y–Zn–Cu, and then to Mg–Y–Cu. The ultimate compressive strength is 227, 231 and 238 MPa, respectively. The MYC alloy exhibited much higher degradation rate than MYZC and MYZ alloys. The strong galvanic coupling effect between LPSO phase and the matrix, the grain size refinement and the weak protection from the corrosion product layer are responsible for the high degradation rate. It is suggested that the newly developed MYC alloy is promising for fracturing ball application.
ZhaoXJ, WangCJ, WangQL, . A case of multi-stage fracturing horizontal well used in BZ oilfield in Bohai bay low-permeability oilfield development. J Geosci Environ Prot. 2020;08:147–154. doi:10.4236/gep.2020.87008
2.
LiangX, ZhuJH, ShiXZ, . Staged fracturing of horizontal shale gas wells with temporary plugging by sand filling. Nat Gas Ind B. 2017;04:134–140. doi:10.1016/j.ngib.2017.07.017
3.
LiaoSM, SangY, SongY, . Research and field tests of staged fracturing technology for casing deformation sections in horizontal shale gas wells. Nat Gas Ind B. 2018;05:16–21. doi:10.1016/j.ngib.2017.11.003
4.
PeiXH, WeiSB, ShiBR, . Disintegrating fracturing ball used in ball injection sliding sleeve for staged fracturing. Pet Explor Dev. 2014;41:805–809. doi:10.1016/S1876-3804(14)60097-5
5.
TanW, LiTS, LiSZ, . High strength-ductility and rapid degradation rate of as-cast Mg-Cu-Al alloys for application in fracturing balls. J Mater Sci Technol. 2021;94:22–31. doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.04.010
6.
ZhengC, LiuYH, WangHX, . Finite element analysis and experimental study on the deformation characteristics of an aluminium alloy fracturing ball. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2016;35:203–210. doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2016.08.037
7.
JamaloeiBY.A review of plug-and-perforate, ball-and-seat, and single-entry pinpoint fracturing performance in the unconventional montney reservoir. J Pet Explor Prod. 2021;11:1155–1183. doi:10.1007/s13202-021-01085-6
8.
CheJQ, WangHX, ZhangYW, . Experimental study on the working performance of different milling tools for multistage fracturing ball seats. Pet Sci. 2020;17:1699–1716. doi:10.1007/s12182-020-00492-4
9.
EsmailyM, SvenssonJE, FajardoS.Fundamentals and advances in magnesium alloy corrosion. Prog Mater Sci. 2017;89:92–193. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.04.011
10.
TanhaeeZ, MahmudiR.Microstructural characterisation and mechanical properties of the cast Gd-containing Mg−8Mg2Si in situ composites. Mater Sci Technol. 2023; 1–12. doi:10.1080/02670836.2023.2191096
11.
FangXY, ZhouC, LinJB, . Research on deformation mechanism of AZ31 magnesium alloy during uniaxial compression. Mater Sci Technol. 2023; 1–11. doi:10.1080/02670836.2023.2200324
12.
ZhangYZ, WangXY, KuangYF, . Enhanced mechanical properties and degradation rate of Mg-3Zn-1Y based alloy by Cu addition for degradable fracturing ball applications. Mater Lett. 2017;195:194–197. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2017.02.024
13.
XiGQ, LuoY, ZhangJ, . Loading-direction dependence of interaction types between different twin variants in AZ31 alloy. Mater Sci Technol. 2023;39: 1490–1500.doi:10.1080/02670836.2023.2173434
14.
TakagiK, MayamaT, MineY, . Extended ductility owing to Kink band formation and growth under tensile loading in single crystals of Mg-Zn-Y alloy with 18R-LPSO structure. J Alloys Compd. 2019;806:1384–1393. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.07.344
15.
NinomiyaK, ItamotoK, SetoyamaH, . Chemical interactions of solute atoms during L12 cluster formation in Mg–Zn–Gd alloys with long-period stacking ordered structure. J Alloys Compd. 2022;928:167101. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167101
16.
XuSY, LiuCM, WanYC, . Corrosion behaviour of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Ag alloy components with different sizes after cooling. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China. 2021;31:1291–1302. doi:10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65578-4
17.
XiGQ, ZhaoXH, MaYL, . Comparative study on corrosion behavior and mechanism of As-cast Mg–Zn–Y and Mg–Zn–Gd alloys. A Acta Metall Sin (Engl Lett). 2023;36:310–322. doi:10.1007/s40195-022-01455-x
18.
XiGQ, MouY, MaY, . Effect of volume fraction of 18R-LPSO phase on corrosion resistance of Mg−Zn−Y alloys. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China. 2023;33:454–466. doi:10.1016/S1003-6326(22)66119-3
19.
ZhangQ, LiuWC, WuGH, . Effect of Zn addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Mg–10Gd–3.5Er–xZn–0.5Zr alloys. Acta Metall Sin (Engl Lett). 2020;33:1507–1517. doi:10.1007/s40195-020-01106-z
20.
YuZJ, XuX, DuBT, . Precipitate characteristics and mechanical performance of cast Mg–6RE–1Zn–xCa–0.3Zr (x = 0 and 0.4 wt-%) alloys. Acta Metall Sin (Engl Lett). 2022;35:596–608. doi:10.1007/s40195-021-01269-3
21.
LiJY, WangFL, ZengJ, . Effect of the interspacing of intragranular lamellar LPSO phase on dynamic recrystallization behaviors of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloys. Mater Charact. 2022;193:112326. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112326
22.
BiGL, ZhangNM, JiangJ, . Microstructure and yield phenomenon of an extruded Mg-Y-Cu alloy with LPSO phase. J Rare Earths. 2022;41: 454–461.doi:10.1016/j.jre.2022.01.011
23.
ChangZY, DengQC, LanQ, . Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy prepared by rheo-die casting. Mater Sci Eng A. 2022;848:143287. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2022.143287
XinWJ, BriffodF, ShiraiwaT, . Mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of Mg-Zn-Y alloys with different extrusion ratio and LPSO volume fraction. J Magnes Alloys. 2022;10:2158–2172. doi:10.1016/j.jma.2022.02.004
26.
MayamaT, AgnewSR, HagiharaK, . α-Mg/LPSO (long-period stacking ordered) phase interfaces as obstacles against dislocation slip in as-cast Mg-Zn-Y alloys. Int J Plast. 2022;154:103294. doi:10.1016/j.ijplas.2022.103294
27.
PengZZ, ShaoXH, LiangZM, . Synergetic deformation mechanisms in an Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloy with intragranular LPSO structures. J Magnes Alloys. 2022;11:1754–1768. doi:10.1016/j.jma.2022.09.010
28.
ZhengDF, ZhuQC, ZengXQ, . Unveiling the strengthening effect of LPSO phase in a Mg-Y-Zn alloy. Mater Lett. 2022;311:131524. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2021.131524
29.
XiGQ, JinJD, MaYL, . Interaction between {10-12} and {30-34} twin in magnesium alloy. J Mater Sci. 2022;57:15109–15120. doi:10.1007/s10853-022-07561-6
30.
WangJF, GaoSQ, LiuXY, . Enhanced mechanical properties and degradation rate of Mg–Ni–Y alloy by introducing LPSO phase for degradable fracturing ball applications. J Magnes Alloys. 2020;8:127–133. doi:10.1016/j.jma.2019.11.010
31.
ZhongSY, ZhangDF, ChaiSS, . Effect of Cu addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties and degradation rate of Mg-2Gd alloy. J Mater Res Technol. 2021;15:477–487. doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.042
AliM, HusseinMA, Al-AqeeliN.Magnesium-based composites and alloys for medical applications: a review of mechanical and corrosion properties. J Alloys Compd. 2019;792:1162–1190. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.080
34.
WuSZ, QiaoXG, QinSH, . Improved strength in wrought Mg–Y–Ni alloys by adjusting the block-shaped LPSO phase and plate-shaped γ′phase. Mater Sci Eng A. 2022;831:142198. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2021.142198
35.
WangJ, LiT, LiHX, . Effect of trace Ni addition on microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of the extruded Mg–Gd–Y–Zr–Ni alloys for dissoluble fracturing tools. J Magnes Alloys. 2021;9:1632–1643. doi:10.1016/j.jma.2020.08.019
36.
NiuHY, DengKK, NieKB, . Microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion properties of Mg-4Zn-xNi alloys for degradable fracturing ball applications. J Alloys Compd. 2019;787:1290–1300. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.02.089
37.
NiuHY, DengKK, NieKB, . Degradation behavior of Mg-4Zn-2Ni alloy with high strength and high degradation rate. Mater Chem Phys. 2020;249:123131. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123131
38.
ZhangXM, ChenZY, LuoHF, . Corrosion resistances of metallic materials in environments containing chloride ions: a review. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China. 2022;32:377–410. doi:10.1016/S1003-6326(22)65802-3
39.
XieJS, ZhangJH, ZhangZ, . New insights on the different corrosion mechanisms of Mg alloys with solute-enriched stacking faults or long period stacking ordered phase. Corros Sci. 2022;198:110163. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2022.110163
40.
LiuYH, LiHX, ZhangZR, . Effect of Cu micro-alloying on the microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn based alloy applied as plugging tools. J Alloys Compd. 2023;939:168768. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.168768
41.
SunJ, DuWB, FuJJ, . A review on magnesium alloys for application of degradable fracturing tools. J Magnes Alloys. 2022;10:2649–2672. doi:10.1016/j.jma.2022.09.032
42.
YinSQ, DuanWC, LiuWH, . Influence of specific second phases on corrosion behaviors of Mg-Zn-Gd-Zr alloys. Corros Sci. 2020;166. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2019.108419
43.
MaXC, JinSY, WuRZ, . Corrosion behavior of Mg−Li alloys: a review. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China. 2021;31:3228–3254. doi:10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65728-X
44.
JinXY, MaXC, WuRZ, . Effect of carbonate additive on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on Mg-9Li-3Al alloy. Int J Miner Metall Mater. 2022;29:1453–1463. doi:10.1007/s12613-021-2377-0
