Multiple layers of C250 maraging steel were deposited into a single-wall structure by using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). The microstructural characteristics of the as-deposited C250 steel, in terms of solidification structures and phases, were investigated by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that lath martensite and austenite phases are formed in the as-deposited C250 steel. Apart from these two phases, Laves phase Fe2Ti particles, which have not been reported in C250 steel, are also observed in the C250 steel produced by the WAAM process. TEM analysis does not reveal the formation of strengthening precipitates in the as-built C250 steel, which is further confirmed by hardness measurement.
DossettJLTottenGE. ASM handbook. Vol. 4D, Heat treating of irons and steels. Fort Lauderdale: ASM International, Incorporated 1990; 2014.
2.
XuX. Wire + arc additive manufacture of new and multiple materials [Dissertation]. Bedford (MK): Cranfield University; 2018.
3.
XuXGangulySDingJMicrostructural evolution and mechanical properties of maraging steel produced by wire + arc additive manufacture process. Mater Charact. 2018;143:152–162.
4.
Narayana MurtySVSRao GSVenugopalAMetallurgical analysis of defects in the weld joints of large-sized maraging steel rocket motor casing. Metallogr Microstruct Anal. 2014;3:433–447.
KottmanMA. Additive manufacturing of maraging 250 steels for the rejuvenation and repurposing of die casting tolling [master's thesis]. Cleveland (OH): Case western reserve university; 2015.
7.
WuBPanZDingDA review of the wire arc additive manufacturing of metals: properties, defects and quality improvement. J Manuf Process. 2018;35:127–139.
8.
DebRoyTWeiHLZubackJSAdditive manufacturing of metallic components – process, structure and properties. Prog Mater Sci. 2018;92:112–224.
9.
NgoTDKashaniAImbalzanoGAdditive manufacturing (3D printing): a review of materials, methods, applications and challenges. Compos Part B Eng. 2018;143:172–196.
10.
HerzogDSeydaVWyciskEAdditive manufacturing of metals. Acta Mater. 2016;117:371–392.
11.
OliveiraJPSantosTGMirandaRM.Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: from theory to practice. Prog Mater Sci. 2020;107:100590.
12.
SilwalBGerdmannCMiguesS The effect of arc-based direct metal energy deposition on PBF maraging steel. In: Proceedings of the 28th annual international solid freeform fabrication symposium – an additive manufacturing conference; 2017, 1585–1593.
13.
WilliamsSWMartinaFAddisonACWire + arc additive manufacturing. Mater Sci Technol. 2016;32:641–647.
14.
MartinaFMehnenJWilliamsSW.Investigation of the benefits of plasma deposition for the additive layer manufacture of Ti-6Al-4V. J Mater Process Technol. 2012;212:1377–1386.
15.
GuptaRNRajaVSMukherjeeMKOn improving the quality of gas tungsten arc welded 18Ni 250 maraging steel rocket motor casings. Metall Mater Trans A. 2017;48:4655–4666.
16.
TariqFBalochRAAhmedBInvestigation into microstructures of maraging steel 250 weldments and effect of post-weld heat treatments. J Mater Eng Perform. 2010;19:264–273.
17.
XuXDingJGangulySPreliminary investigation of building strategies of maraging steel bulk material using wire + arc additive manufacture. J Mater Eng Perform. 2019;28:594–600.
18.
XuXDingJGangulySOxide accumulation effects on wire + arc layer-by-layer additive manufacture process. J Mater Process Technol. 2018;252:739–750.
19.
XuXGangulySDingJImproving mechanical properties of wire plus arc additively manufactured maraging steel through plastic deformation enhanced aging response. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019;747:111–118.
20.
MasuoCNyczANoakesMW Feasibility analysis of utilizing maraging steel in a wire arc additive process for high-strength tooling applications. In: Proceedings of the 30th annual international solid freeform fabrication symposium – an additive manufacturing conference; 2019 August 12–14; Austin (TX), US; 2019. p. 684–692.
21.
GuoLZhangLAnderssonJAdditive manufacturing of 18% nickel maraging steels: defect, structure and mechanical properties: a review. J Mater Sci Technol. 2022;120:227–252.
22.
WangXYangDHuangYMicrostructure and mechanical properties of as-deposited and heat-treated 18Ni (350) maraging steel fabricated by gas metal arc-based wire and arc additive manufacturing. J Mater Eng Perform. 2021;30:6972–6981.
23.
JägleEAShengZKürnsteinerPComparison of maraging steel micro- and nanostructure produced conventionally and by laser additive manufacturing. Mater. 2017;10:8.
24.
YasaEKempenKKruthJP. Microstructure and mechanical properties of maraging steel 300 after selective laser melting. In: Proceedings of the 21st annual international solid freeform fabrication symposium – an additive manufacturing conference; 2010. p. 383–396.
SinghPSingariRMMishraRS.A review of study on modeling and simulation of additive manufacturing processes. Mater Today Proc. 2022;56:3594–3603.
27.
AsalaGKhanAKAnderssonJMicrostructural analyses of ATI 718plus® produced by wire-arc additive manufacturing process. Metall Mater Trans A. 2017;48:4211–4228.
28.
DehgahiSGhonchehMHHadadzadehAThe role of titanium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured C300 maraging steels. Mater Des. 2020;194:108965.
29.
MoritaZTanakaT.Thermodynamics on the equilibrium distribution coefficients of solute elements between solid and liquid phases in iron alloys. Tetsu-to-Hagane. 1988;74:1210–1218.
30.
SaitoTKawaiYMaruyaKDiffusion of some alloying elements in liquid iron. Tohoku Daigaku Senk. 1959;11:401–410.
31.
HeYYangKQuWStrengthening and toughening of a 2800-MPa grade maraging steel. Mater Lett; 2002;56:763–769.
32.
HeYYangKShaW.Transmission electron microscopy of new high-strength grade maraging steels. Microsc Anal. 2007;21:5–7.
33.
HeYYangKShaWAge hardening and mechanical properties of a 2400 MPa grade cobalt-free maraging steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2006;37:1107–1116.
34.
AsayamaYKawaseYOkadaMMechanical properties of a cobalt free maraging steel containing chromium. J Japan Inst Met. 1987;51:76–82.
