The influence of Ca + Bi on the tensile and strain hardening behaviour of the AZ91 alloy at ambient and elevated temperatures have been examined. The values of YS are higher, and ductility is lower of all the modified alloys. The UTS of the modified AZ91 alloys is lower except at 473 K. The UTS values decrease with an increase in test temperature for all the alloys. The improved YS of the modified alloys is owing to reduced grain size. The brittle Mg3Bi2, Al2Ca and Bi3Ca5 phases in the modified alloys reduce their UTS and ductility. The transgranular cleavage fracture at 298 K changes to quasi-cleavage fracture at 473 K. Several dislocations piled up around the β-Mg17Al12 and Al2Ca phases are seen.
MordikeBLEbertT.Magnesium properties — applications — potential. Mater Sci Eng A. 2001; 302:37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01351-4.
2.
RamalingamVVRamasamyPKovukkalMDResearch and development in magnesium alloys for industrial and biomedical applications: a review. Met Mater Int. 2020; 26:409–430.
3.
LuoAA.Recent magnesium alloy development for elevated temperature applications. Int Mater Rev. 2004; 49:13–30.
4.
BlumWWatzingerBZhangP.Creep of die-cast light-weight Mg-Al-base alloy AZ91hp. Adv Eng Mater. 2000; 2:349–355.
5.
KabirianFMahmudiR.Impression creep behavior of a cast AZ91 magnesium alloy. Metall Mater Trans A. 2009; 40:116–127.
6.
LuoAPekguleryuzMO.Cast magnesium alloys for elevated temperature applications. J Mater Sci. 1994; 29:5259–5271.
7.
MahmudiRKabirianFNematollahiZ.Microstructural stability and high-temperature mechanical properties of AZ91 and AZ91 + 2RE magnesium alloys. Mater Des. 2011; 32:2583–2589.
8.
PekgüleryüzMÖAvedesianMM.Magnesium alloying, some potentials for alloy development. J Japan Inst Light Met. 1992; 42:679–686.
9.
PanFYangMChenX.A review on casting magnesium alloys: modification of commercial alloys and development of new alloys. J Mater Sci Technol. 2016; 32:1211–1221.
10.
AfsharnaderiAMalekanMEmamyMMicrostructure evolution and mechanical properties of the AZ91 magnesium alloy with Sr and Ti additions in the as-cast and as-aged conditions. J Mater Eng Perform. 2019; 28:6853–6863.
11.
NinomiyaROjiroTKubotaKImproved heat resistance of Mg-Al alloy by the Ca addition. Acta Metall. 1995; 43:669–674.
12.
QudongWWenzhouCXiaoqinZEffects of Ca addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy. J Mater Sci. 2001; 36:3035–3040.
13.
ChoiBHYouBSParkWWEffect of Ca addition on the oxidation resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloys at elevated temperatures. Met Mater Int. 2003; 9:395–398.
14.
ChenYLiuHYeREffects of the addition of Ca and Sb on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013; 587:262–267.
15.
HiraiKSomekawaHTakigawaYEffects of Ca and Sr addition on mechanical properties of a cast AZ91 magnesium alloy at room and elevated temperature. Mater Sci Eng A. 2005; 403:276–280.
16.
SrinivasanASwaminathanJGunjanMKEffect of intermetallic phases on the creep behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010; 527:1395–1403.
17.
Ya-QingZXiao-PingLSu-ED.Effect of combined micro-alloying of calcium and bismuth on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AM50 magnesium alloy. Adv Eng Mater. 2014; 16:1318–1322.
18.
BankotiAKSMondalAKKumarSIndividual and combined additions of calcium and antimony on microstructure and mechanical properties of squeeze-cast AZ91D magnesium alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2015; 626:186–194.
19.
WuGFanYGaoHThe effect of Ca and rare earth elements on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of AZ91D. Mater Sci Eng A. 2005; 408:255–263.
20.
NamiBRazaviHMiresmaeiliSMImpression creep properties of a semi-solid processed magnesium-aluminum alloy containing calcium and rare earth elements. Scr Mater. 2011; 65:221–224.
21.
MajhiJMondalAK.Microstructure and impression creep characteristics of squeeze-cast AZ91 magnesium alloy containing Ca and/or Bi. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019; 744:691–703.
22.
AmbergerDEisenlohrPGökenM.Microstructural evolution during creep of Ca-containing AZ91. Mater Sci Eng A. 2009; 510–511:398–402.
23.
GuangyinYYangshanSWenjiangD.Effects of bismuth and antimony additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2001; 308:38–44.
24.
JoshiUBabuNH.The grain refinement potency of bismuth in magnesium. J Alloys Compd. 2016: 1–5.
25.
ZhangYWuGLiuWEffects of processing parameters and Ca content on microstructure and mechanical properties of squeeze casting AZ91–Ca alloys. Mater Sci Eng A. 2014; 595:109–117.
26.
FuYLiYHuAMicrostructure, tensile properties and fracture behavior of squeeze-cast Mg alloy AZ91 with thick cross section. J Mater Eng Perform. 2020; 29:4130–4141.
27.
ShastriHMondalAKDuttaKMicrostructural correlation with tensile and creep properties of AZ91 alloy in three casting techniques. J Manuf Process. 2020; 57:566–573.
28.
KurnazSCSevikHAikgözSInfluence of titanium and chromium addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of squeeze cast Mg-6Al alloy. J Alloys Compd. 2011; 509:3190–3196.
MasoumiMHuH.Influence of applied pressure on microstructure and tensile properties of squeeze cast magnesium Mg-Al-Ca alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011; 528:3589–3593.
31.
ZhouMHuHLiNMicrostructure and tensile properties of squeeze cast magnesium alloy AM50. J Mater Eng Perform. 2005; 14:539–545.
32.
DieterGE.Mechanical metallurgy. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York; 1986.
33.
HollomonJH.Tensile deformation. Trans AIME. 1945; 162:268–290.
34.
WuBLiJYeJWork hardening behavior of Ti particle reinforced AZ91 composite prepared by spark plasma sintering. Vacuum. 2021; 183.
35.
LiaoHKimJLiuTEffects of Mn addition on the microstructures, mechanical properties and work-hardening of Mg-1Sn alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019; 754:778–785.
36.
GuoLChenZGaoL.Effects of grain size, texture and twinning on mechanical properties and work-hardening behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloys. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011; 528:8537–8545.
37.
WangHYXueESXiaoWInfluence of grain size on deformation mechanisms in rolled Mg-3Al-3Sn alloy at room temperature. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011; 528:8790–8794.
38.
ChenXPanFMaoJEffect of heat treatment on strain hardening of ZK60 Mg alloy. Mater Des. 2011; 32:1526–1530.
39.
LiuTPanFZhangX.Effect of Sc addition on the work-hardening behavior of ZK60 magnesium alloy. Mater Des. 2013; 43:572–577.
40.
ZhaoJJiangBYuanYInfluence of Zn addition on the microstructure, tensile properties and work-hardening behavior of Mg-1Gd alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2020; 772:138779.
41.
WuDChenRSHanEH.Excellent room-temperature ductility and formability of rolled Mg-Gd-Zn alloy sheets. J Alloys Compd. 2011; 509:2856–2863.
42.
ZhangDZhangDZhangYAnalysis of strain hardening behavior in a ductile Mg–Yb based alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2021; 819:141462.
43.
ZhaoCChenXPanFEffect of Sn content on strain hardening behavior of as-extruded Mg-Sn alloys. Mater Sci Eng A. 2018; 713:244–252.
44.
PatelHAChenDLBholeSDMicrostructure and tensile properties of thixomolded magnesium alloys. J Alloys Compd. 2010; 496:140–148.
45.
WangJLiX.Simultaneously improving strength and ductility of AZ91-type alloys with minor Gd addition. J Alloys Compd. 2019; 803:689–699.
46.
WangJWangLAnJMicrostructure and elevated temperature properties of die-cast AZ91-xNd magnesium alloys. J Mater Eng Perform. 2008; 17:725–729.
47.
WangRMEliezerAGutmanE.Microstructures and dislocations in the stressed AZ91D magnesium alloys. Mater Sci Eng A. 2003; 344:279–287.
48.
GangulySSarkarSMondalAK.Enhancement of tensile properties of AZ91–Ca–Sb magnesium alloy with SiC nanoparticles additions. Met Mater Int. 2021; 27:3796–3809.
49.
WangRMEliezerAGutmanEM.An investigation on the microstructure of an AM50 magnesium alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2003; 355:201–207.
