Q1N samples with different degrees of tempering were produced and changes in MBN energies in non-stressed and stressed samples was investigated. It was observed that while MBN energy decreased with increasing degree of tempering, it increased with applied uniaxial stress and the two opposing effects cannot be easily separated. MBN energy increased with stress along RD and decreased in the transverse direction (TD). Therefore, the ratio of MBN energy in RD to TD was examined. The value of the ratio at 0.3 T was successfully shown to be strongly correlated with applied uniaxial tensile stress level, regardless of the degree of tempering (pinning site density) in Q1N samples.
MurrayRG.Welding astute-class submarines. Welding J. 2002; 9(2).
2.
DraperMAnkemS.Mechanisms of temper embrittlement and recovery in cast HY-80 high-strength low-alloy steel. J Mater Sci. 2019; 45:2601–2611.
3.
CampbellFC.Elements of metallurgy and engineering alloys. Novelty (OH): ASM International; 2008.
4.
ParkaSLeeKMinKInfluence of the thermodynamic parameters on the temper embrittlement of SA508 Gr.4N Ni–Cr–Mo low alloy steel with variation of Ni, Cr and Mn contents. J Nucl Mater.2012; 426(1–3):1–8.
5.
BaakNNickelJBiermannD.Barkhausen noise-based fatigue life prediction of deep drilled AISI 4140. Procedia Struct Integrity. 2019; 18:274–279.
6.
KrauseTWAthertonDLSullivanSP.Magnetic Barkhausen noise indicators of cracks in steel. Nondestr Test Eva. 1997; 13:309–323.
7.
FalahatSGhaneiSKashefiM.Nondestructive examination of decarburised layer of steels using eddy current and magnetic Barkhausen noise testing techniques. Nondestr Test Eval.2018; 33(2):154–164.
8.
SamimiAAKrauseTWClaphamL.Stress response of magnetic Barkhausen noise in submarine hull steel: a comparative study. J Nondestr Eval. 2016; 35:32.
9.
CullityBD. Introduction to magnetic materials. Reading (MA): Addison-Wesley; 1972.
10.
KrauseTWSamimiAA.ASM handbook: Nondestructive evaluation and quality control. 10th ed. Novelty (OH): ASM International; 2018. p. 515–530.
SaleemASwansonDUnderhillPR Affect of temper embrittlement and stress on magnetic Barkhausen noise of rolled HY-80 steel. Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Barkhausen Noise and Micromagnetic Testing (ICBM12); 2019 Sep 23–26; Prague, Czech Republic.
13.
InagumaTSakamotoHHasegawaM.Microstructure dependence of Barkhausen voltage pulse width in steel. J Appl Phys. 2012; 111:63903.
14.
KarjalainenLPMoilanenM.Detection of plastic deformation during fatigue of mild steel by the measurement of Barkhausen noise. NDT Int. 1979; 12(2):51–55.
15.
TittoSOtalaMSäynäjäkangasS.Non-destructive magnetic measurement of steel grain size. Non-Destr Test. 1976; 9(3):117–120.
16.
GallaugherMSamimiAClaphamKTLLocal magnetic properties in non-oriented electrical steel and their dependence on magnetic easy axis and misorientation parameters. Metall Mater Trans A. 2015; 46A:1262–1276.
17.
GhaneiSSaheb AlamAKashefiMNondestructive characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of intercritically annealed dual-phase steel by magnetic Barkhausen noise technique. Mater Sci Eng A. 2014; 607:253–260.
18.
VargaR.Domain walls and their dynamics. Košice: Pavol Jozef Šafárik University; 2014.
19.
SahebalamAKashefiMKahrobaeeS.Comparative study of eddy current and Barkhausen noise methods in microstructural assessment of heat treated steel parts. Nondestr Test Eval. 2014; 29(3):208–218.
20.
DavutKHakan GürC.Monitoring the microstructural changes during tempering of quenched SAE 5140 steel by magnetic Barkhausen noise. J Nondestr Eval. 2007; 26:107–113.
21.
KamedaJ.Characterization of tempered martensite microstructure and embrittlement by acoustic and magnetic Barkhausen signal measurement. Scr Metall. 1988; 22(9):1487–1492.
22.
KrauseTWClaphamLPattantyusLAInvestigation of the stress-dependent magnetic easy axis in steel using magnetic Barkhausen noise. J Appl Phys. 1996; 79(8):4242–4252.
23.
SchusterSDertingerLDapprichDApplication of magnetic Barkhausen noise for residual stress analysis: consideration of the microstructure. Mater Test. 2018; 60(6):545–552.
24.
KrauseTWPulferNWeymannPMagnetic Barkhausen noise: stress-dependent mechanisms. IEEE Trans Magn. 1996; 32(5):4764–4766.
25.
GhaneiSKashefiMMazinaniM.Comparative study of eddy current and Barkhausen noise nondestructive testing methods in microstructural examination of ferrite–martensite dual-phase steel. J Magn Mag Mater. 2014; 365:103–110.
26.
FalahatSGhaneiSKashefiM.Nondestructive examination of decarburised layer of steels using eddy current and magnetic Barkhausen noise testing techniques. Nondestr Test Eval. 2018; 33(2):154–164.
27.
SanaMNCízekbJRíkcKKMonitoring of grinding burn via Barkhausen noise emission in case-hardened steel in large-bearing production. J Mater Process Technol. 2017; 240:104–117.
28.
JuJLeeJJangJDetermination of welding residual stress distribution in API X65 pipeline using a modified magnetic Barkhausen noise method. Int J Press Vessels Pip. 2003; 80(9):641–646.
29.
UchimotoTTakagiT.Characterization of matrices and graphite forms of cast irons by electromagnetic nondestructive evaluation. Stud Appl Electromagn Mech. 2009; 32:207–214.
30.
JarrahiFKashefiMAhmadzade-BeirakiE.An investigation into the applicability of Barkhausen noise technique in evaluation of machining properties of high carbon steel parts with different degrees of spheroidization. J Magn Mag Mater. 2015; 385:107–111.
31.
ZhuBXuKaiZWangKNondestructive evaluation of hot stamping boron steel with martensite/bainite mixed microstructures based on magnetic Barkhausen noise detection. J Magn Mag Mater. 2020; 503:166598.
32.
Sorsa AKSanta-ahoSQuantitative prediction of residual stress and hardness in case-hardened steel based on the Barkhausen noise measurement. NDT E Int. 2012; 46:100–106.
33.
BertottiG.Space-time correlation properties of the magnetization process and eddy current losses: applications. I. Fine wall spacing. J Appl Phys. 1984; 55(12):4339.
34.
KrauseTWSaleemAUnderhillPR.Towards a physics based model of magnetic Barkhausen noise in steel. Adv Mater Lett. 2020; 11(6):20061526.
35.
WhiteSKrauseTWClaphamL.Control of flux in magnetic circuits for Barkhausen noise measurements. Meas Sci Technol. 2007; 18:3501–3510.
36.
WhiteSClaphamLKrauseTW.A multi-channel magnetic flux controller for periodic magnetizing conditions. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas. 2012; 61(7):1896–1907.
37.
KrauseTWClaphamLAthertonDL.Characterization of the magnetic easy axis in pipeline steel using magnetic Barkhausen noise. J Appl Phys. 1995; 75(12):7983–7988.
38.
KrauseTWMandalKAthertonDL.Modelling of magnetic Barkhausen noise in single and dual easy axis systems in steel. J Magn Mag Mater. 1999; 195(1):193–205.
39.
ShillingJWHouseGL.JrMagnetic properties and domain structure in grain-oriented 3% Si-Fe. IEEE Trans Magn. 1974; 10(2):195–223.
40.
BertottiGFiorilloFSassiMP.Barkhausen noise and domain structure dynamics in Si-Fe at different points of the magnetization curve. J Magn Mag Mater. 1981; Vol. 23(2):136–148.
41.
SaleemAUnderhillPRFarrellSPMagnetic Barkhausen noise measurements to assess temper embrittlement in HY-80 steels. IEEE Trans Magn. 2020; 56(3):1–8.
42.
MandacheCKrauseTWClaphamL.Investigation of optimum field amplitude for stress dependence of magnetic Barkhausen noise. IEEE Trans Magn. 2007; 43(11):3976–3983.
43.
JilesDC.The effect of stress on magnetic Barkhausen activity in ferromagnetic steels. IEEE Trans Magn. 1989; 25(5):3455–3457.
44.
MandacheC. Magnetic flux leakage investigation of interacting defects-stress and geometry effects [dissertation]. Kingston (ON): Queen's University at Kingston; 2004.
45.
KrauseTWMandelKHaugeCCorrelation between flux leakage and magnetic Barkhausen noise: stress dependence in pipeline steel. J Magn Mag Mater. 1997; 169(1-2):207–219.
46.
ChikazumiSCharapSH.Physics of magnetism. New York (NY): Wiley; 1964.
47.
TaoPZhangCYangZ.Evolution and coarsening of carbides in 25Cr1Mo steel weld metal during high temperature tempering. J Iron Steel Res Int. 2010; 17(5):74–78.
48.
KrauseTWClaphamLPattantyusA.Investigation of the stress-dependent magnetic easy axis in steel using magnetic Barkhausen noise. J Appl Phys. 1996; 79(8):4242–4253.
49.
KrauseTWSpzunarJABirsanMCorrelation of magnetic Barkhausen noise with core loss in oriented 3% Si–Fe steel laminates. J Appl Phys. 1996; 79(6):3156–3168.
50.
KrauseTWClaphamLAthertonDL.Characterization of the magnetic easy axis in pipeline steel using magnetic Barkhausen noise. J Appl Phys. 1995; 75(12):983–7988.
51.
ClaphamLHealdCKrauseTWOrigin of a magnetic easy axis in pipeline steel. J Appl Phys. 1999; 86(31):1574–1580.
52.
KashefiMKahrobaeeS.Assessment of retained austenite in AISI D2 tool steel using magnetic hysteresis and Barkhausen noise parameter. J Mater Eng Perform. 2015; 24:1192–1198.
53.
YamauraSFuruyaYWatanabeT.The effect of grain boundary microstructure on Barkhausen noise in ferromagnetic materials. Acta Mater. 2001; 49(15):3019–3027.
54.
KleberXVincentA.On the role of residual internal stresses and dislocations on Barkhausen noise in plastically deformed steel. NDT E Int. 2004; 37(6):439–445.
