Plane strain compression tests were performed on grain-oriented (GO) and non-grain-oriented steel specimens of identical silicon content. Though Arrhenius type constitutive equations showed excellent predictability of the experimental flow stresses, there were clear differences in the flow curves of the respective grades. More specifically, GO steel had higher flow stress and work hardening and showed clear presence of dynamically recrystallized grains. All these were attributed to the higher (0.06 versus 0.003 wt-%) carbon content and corresponding presence of austenite, at elevated temperatures, in the GO steel specimens.
MosesAJ.Electrical steels: past, present and future developments. IEEE Proc. 1990;137:233–245.
3.
TakahashiN, HaraseJ.Recent development of technology of grain oriented silicon steel. Mater Sci Forum. 1996;204–206:143–154. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.204-206.143
4.
GüntherK, AbbruzzeseG, FortunatiS, Recent technology developments in the production of grain-oriented electrical steel. Steel Res. Int. 2005;76(6):413–421. doi: 10.1002/srin.200506030
5.
BarretWF, BrownW, HadfieldRA.On the increase of electrical resistivity caused by alloying iron with various alloying elements and the specific heat of those elements. Roy.Dublin Soc.Trans.1900;7:87–126.
6.
LyudkovskyG, RastogiPK, BalaM.Nonoriented electrical steels. J. Metals. 1986;38:18–26.
7.
GossNP.Electrical sheet and method and apparatus for its manufacture and test. US Patent 1965559, 1934.
8.
KubotaT, FujikuraM, UshigamiY.Recent progress and future trend on grain-oriented electrical steel. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2000;215–216:69–73. doi: 10.1016/S0304-8853(00)00069-X
9.
UshigamiY, MizokamiM, FujikuraM, Recent development of low-loss grain-oriented electrical steel. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2003;254–255:307–314. doi: 10.1016/S0304-8853(02)00933-2
10.
XiaZ, KangY, WangQ.Developments in the production of grain-oriented electrical steel. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2008;320:3229–3233. doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2008.07.003
11.
TakahashiN, SugaY, KobayashiH.Recent developments in grain-oriented electrical steel. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 1996;160:98–101. doi: 10.1016/0304-8853(96)00126-6
12.
TaguchiS, SakakuraA, MatsumotoF, The development of grain-oriented silicon steel with high permeability. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 1976;2:121–131. doi: 10.1016/0304-8853(75)90114-6
13.
ImanakaT, KanT, ObataY, Method for manufacturing single-oriented electrical steel sheets comprising antimony and having a high magnetic induction. US Patent 3932234, 1976.
14.
MatsuoM.Texture control in the production of grain oriented silicon steels. ISIJ Int. 1989;29(10):809–827. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.29.809
15.
MatsuoM, SakaiT, SugaY.Origin and development of through-the-thickness variations of texture in the processing of grain-oriented silicon steel. Metall Trans A. 1986;17A:1313–1322. doi: 10.1007/BF02650112
16.
ShimizuY, ItoY, IidaY.Formation of the goss orientation near the surface of 3 pct. silicon steel during hot rolling. Metall Trans A. 1986;17A:1323–1334. doi: 10.1007/BF02650113
17.
LittmannMF.Development of improved cube-on-edge texture from strand cast 3pct. silicon iron. Metall Trans A. 1975;6A:1041–1045. doi: 10.1007/BF02661358
18.
SchoenJW.High temperature grain growth during slab reheating of oriented- 3pct Si-Fe made using continuous casting. Metall Trans A. 1986;17A:1335–1346. doi: 10.1007/BF02650114
19.
LeslieWC, RickettRL, StrobleCP, The microstructure of low-carbon 3.25% Si steel. Tran. of ASM. 1961;53:715–734.
20.
IidaY, ShimizuH, ItoY, The effect of chemical composition and hot deformation on α-γ transformation in Fe-Si alloy or steel. Tetsu-to-Hagane. 1981;67:1217.
21.
HaraseJ, TakashimaK, MatsumaraY, On the recrystallization behaviour of grain oriented silicon steel during hot rolling: secondary recrystallization of grain oriented silicon steel with AlN as inhibitor III. Tetsu-to-Hagane. 1981;67:s1200. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.67.8_1200
22.
MurakiM, ObaraT, SatoM, Control of recrystallization during high temperature hot rolling of grain-oriented silicon steel. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 1995;4(4):413–417. doi: 10.1007/BF02649300
23.
DurgaprasadA, GiriS, LenkaS, Defining a relationship between pearlite morphology and ferrite crystallographic orientation. Acta Mater. 2017;129:278–289. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2017.02.008
24.
ShekhawatSK, VadavadagiB, HiwarkarVD, Magnetic properties in deformed grain oriented electrical steel: on the role of hardening exponent and microstructural developments. ISIJ Int2012;52(11):2100–2108. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.52.2100
25.
TsaiMC, HwangYS.The quenching effects of hot band annealing on grain-oriented electrical steel. JMMM. 2010;322(18):2690–2695. doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2010.04.009
26.
KehAS.Work hardening and deformation sub-structure in iron single-crystals deformed in tension at 298 K. J. Phil. Mag. 1965;12(115):9–30. doi: 10.1080/14786436508224942
27.
PoliakEI, JonasJJ.Initiation of dynamic recrystallization in constant strain rate hot deformation. ISIJ Int. 2003;43(5):684–691. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.43.684
28.
OuL, NieY, ZhengZ.Strain Compensation of the constitutive equation for high temperature flow stress of Al-Cu-Li alloy. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2014;23:25–30. doi: 10.1007/s11665-013-0747-0
29.
McQueenHJ, RyanND.Constitutive analysis in hot working. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2002;322:43–63. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01117-0
30.
ShenA, McqueenHJ.Silicon steel: hot working constitutive behavior and multi stage rolling simulation. Can. Metall. Q. 2009;48(3):207–218. doi: 10.1179/cmq.2009.48.3.207
31.
UviraJL, JonasJJ.Compression testing of homogenous materials and composites. Trans. Met. Soc. AIME. 1968;242:1619–1626.
32.
SamantarayD, MandalS, BhaduriAK.Constitutive analysis to predict high temperature flow stress in modified 9Cr-1Mo (P91) steel. Mater. Des. 2010;31:981–988. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.08.012
33.
AnoopCR, PrakashA, GiriSK, Optimization of hot workability and microstructure control in a 12Cr-10Ni precipitation hardenable stainless steel: an approach using processing maps. Mater. Charact. 2018;141:97–107. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2018.04.025
34.
GiriSK, DurgaprasadA, ManikrishnaKV, Exploring the origin of variant selection through martensite-austenite reconstruction. Philos Mag. 2019;19(6):699–717. doi: 10.1080/14786435.2018.1552030
35.
AbbasiM, NelsonTW, SorensenCD, An approach to prior austenite reconstruction. Mater. Charact. 2012;66:1–85. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2012.01.010
36.
GermainL, GeyN, MercierR, An advanced approach to reconstructing parent orientation maps in the case of approximate orientation relations: application to steel. Acta Mater. 2012;60:4551–4562. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.04.034
37.
TariV, RollettAD, BeladiH.Back calculation of parent austenite orientation using a clustering approach. J. Appl. Cryst. 2013;46:210–215. doi: 10.1107/S002188981204914X
38.
MiyamotoG., IwataN., TakayamaN.Reconstruction of parent austenite grain structure based on crystal orientation map of bainite with and without Ausforming. ISIJ Int. 2011;51:1174–1178. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.51.1174
39.
MiyamotoG, IwataN, TakayamaN, Mapping the parent austenite reconstructed from the orientation of martensite by EBSD and its application to ausformed martensite. Acta Mater. 2010;58:6393–6403. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.08.001
40.
KurdjomovG, SachsG.Over the mechanisms of steel hardening. Z. Phys. 1930;64:325–343. doi: 10.1007/BF01397346
41.
WooKD.PhD thesis “Variant selection of Allotriomorphic Ferrite in Steels”, 2011:10–86.
42.
SaitoY.Mathematical model of hot deformation resistance in austenite-ferrite two phase region. Trans. ISIJ. 1987;27:419–424. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational1966.27.419
BriottetL, JonasJJ, MontheilletF.A mechanical interpretation of the activation energy of high temperature deformation in two phase materials. Acta Mater. 1996;44(4):1665–1672. doi: 10.1016/1359-6454(95)00257-X
45.
LiL, YangW, SunZ.Dynamic recrystallization of ferrite with particle-stimulated nucleation in a low-carbon steel. Metall. and Mater. Trans. A. 2013;44A:2060–2069. doi: 10.1007/s11661-012-1572-z
HaghdadiN, CizekP, BeladiH, A novel high-strain rate ferrite dynamic softening mechanism facilitated by the interphase in the austenite/ferrite microstructure. Acta Mater. 2017;126:44–57. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.12.045
48.
HumphreysFJ.The nucleation of recrystallization at second phase particles in deformed aluminum. Acta Metall. 1977;25:1323–1344. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(77)90109-2
49.
HumphreysFJ.Local lattice rotations at second phase particles in deformed metals. Acta Metall1979;27:1801–1814. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(79)90071-3
50.
FortunatiS, CicaleS, AbbruzzeseG.Process for the production of electrical steel strip having high magnetic characteristics, starting from thin slabs. Patent WO1998008987A1, 1998.
51.
FiedlerHC.The relation between carbon content and hot rolling temperature in developing high induction in boron silicon-iron. J. Appl. Phys. 1982;53:8302–8304. doi: 10.1063/1.330348
