Cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires exhibit the highest strength amongst steel products for commercially use. The microstructure and the mechanical properties of wires are influenced by the drawing and post-drawing aging process. The transition of lamellar structure, e.g. cementite fragmentation, dissolution and re-precipitation, ferrite refinement, by drawing and recovery and recrystallisation by aging are summarised. In addition, the corresponding changes in mechanical properties, e.g. yield strength, delamination, hydrogen embrittlement and fatigue are summarised.
LiY, RaabeD, HerbigM, Segregation stabilizes nanocrystalline bulk steel with near theoretical strength. Phys Rev Lett. 2014;113:106104-1-5.
2.
TakahashiT, NagumoM, AsanoM.Microstructures dominating the ductility of eutectoid pearlitic steels. Trans Jpn Inst Met. 1978;42:708–715. doi: 10.2320/jinstmet1952.42.7_708
3.
RidleyN.A review of the data on the interlamellar spacing of pearlite. Met Trans A. 1984;15A:1019–1036. doi: 10.1007/BF02644694
4.
AdachiY, MoroolaS, NakajimaK, Computer-aided three-dimensional visualization of twisted cem-entite lamellae in eutectoid steel. Acta Mater. 2008;56:5995–6002. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.08.017
5.
NakataN, KogaN, TsuchiyamaT, Crystallographic orientation rotation and internal stress in pearlite colony. Scr Mater. 2009;61:133–136. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.03.028
6.
OgawaR, KanetsukiY, HiraiY.Influence of texture on torsional deformation behavior of drawn pearlitic carbon steel wire. Kobe Steel Eng Rep. 1985;32(2):63–66.
7.
KehAS.Imperfections and plastic deformation of cementite in steel. Acta Metall. 1963;11:1101–1103. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(63)90201-3
8.
KarlssonB, LindenG.Plastic deformation of ferrite-pearlite structures in steel. Mater Sci Eng. 1975;17:209–219. doi: 10.1016/0025-5416(75)90232-3
9.
ZhangXD, GodfreyA, LiuW, Study on dislocation slips in ferrite and deformation of cementite in cold drawn pearlitic steel wires from medium to high strain. Mater Sci Technol. 2011;27:562–567. doi: 10.1179/026708309X12512744154405
10.
LangfordG.Deformation of pearlite. Metall Trans. 1977;8:861–875. doi: 10.1007/BF02661567
11.
ReadHG, ReynoldsWTJr., HonoK, TaruiT.APFIM and TEM studies of drawn pearlitic wire. Scr Mater. 1997;37:1221–1230. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6462(97)00223-6
12.
LiYJ, ChoiP, BorchersC, Atomic-scale mechanisms of deformation-induced cementite decomposition in pearlite. Acta Mater. 2011;59:3965–3977. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.03.022
13.
ZhangX, GodfreyA, HuangX, Microstructure and strengthening mechanisms in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wire. Acta Mater. 2011;59:3422–3430. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.02.017
14.
HongMH, ReynoldsWTJr., TaruiT, HonoK.Atom probe and transmission electron microscopy investigations of heavily drawn pearlitic steel wire. Met Mater Trans A. 1999;30A:717–727. doi: 10.1007/s11661-999-1003-y
15.
DaitohY, HamadaT.Microstructure of heavily defor-med high carbon steel wire. CAMP-ISIJ. 1997;10:1284.
HonoK.Elemental distribution in drawn pearlitic steel wires by APFIM. Mater Jpn. 2000;39:230–234. doi: 10.2320/materia.39.230
18.
MakiiK, YaguchiH, KaisoM, Influence of Si on nano sub-structure of cementite lamellae in pearlitic steel wires. Scr Mater. 1997;37:1753–1759. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6462(97)00326-6
19.
MaruyamaN, TaruiT, TashiroH.Atom probe study on the ductility of drawn pearlitic steels. Scr Mater. 2002;46:599–603. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6462(02)00037-4
20.
WaughAR, PaetkeS, EdmondsDV.A study of segregation to the dislocation substructure in patented steel wire using atom-probe techniques. Metallography. 1981;14:237–251. doi: 10.1016/0026-0800(81)90029-X
21.
DanoixF, JulienD, SauvageX, Direct evidence of cementite dissolution in drawn pearlitic steels observed by tomographic atom probe. Mater Sci Eng A. 1998;250:8–13. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(98)00529-2
22.
TakahashiJ, KosakaM, KawakamiK, Change in carbon state by low-temperature aging in heavily drawn pearlitic steel wires. Acta Mater. 2012;60:387–395. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.09.014
23.
SauvageX, CorreauxJ, DanoxF, Atomic-scale observation and modelling of cementite dissolution in heavily deformed pearlitic steels. Philo Mag A. 2000;80:781–796. doi: 10.1080/01418610008212082
TaruiT, MaruyamaN, TashiroH.Cementite decomposition in high carbon steel wires. Tetsu-to-Hagane. 2005;91:265–271. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.91.2_265
26.
YangYS, BaeJG, ParkCG.Nanostructure and mechanical properties of heavily cold-drawn steel wires. Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater Prop Microstruct Process. 2009;508:148–155. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.12.036
27.
TaruiT, MaruyamaN.Effect of cementite decomposition on delamination in high carbon steel wires. Tetsu-to-Hagane. 2004;90:1031–1037. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.90.12_1031
28.
TaruiT, SatohY, TashiroH.Effect of carbon content on work hardening of drawn wires. CAMP-ISIJ. 1992;5:2062.
29.
TaruiT.High carbon steel wires as industrial materials. Mater Jpn. 2000;39:235–238. doi: 10.2320/materia.39.235
30.
EmburyJD, FisherRM.The structure and properties of drawn pearlite. Acta Metall. 1966;14:147–159. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(66)90296-3
31.
SevillanoEJG.On the yield and flow stress of lamellar pearlite. Proc of 5th Int Conf on Strength of Metals and Alloys; Pergamon; Oxford; 1981. p. 819–824.
32.
TomotaY, SuzukiT, KanieA, In situ neutron diffraction of heavily drawn steel wires with ultra-high strength under tensile loading. Acta Mater. 2005;53:463–467. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.10.003
33.
TomotaY, LukášP, NeovD, In situ neutron diffraction during tensile deformation of a ferrite-cementite steel. Acta Mater. 2003;51:805–817. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00472-X
34.
YamadaY.Static strain aging of eutectoid carbon steel wires. Trans ISIJ. 1976;16:417–426.
35.
GridnevVN, NemoshkalenkoVV, YaMY, Mössbauer effect in deformed Fe-C alloys. Phys Stat Sol. 1975;31:201–210. doi: 10.1002/pssa.2210310122
36.
NamWJ, BaeCM, OhSJ, Effect of interlamellar spacing on cementite dissolution during wire drawing of pearlitic steel wires. Scr Mater. 2000;42:457–463. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6462(99)00372-3
37.
KorznikovAV, IvanisenkoYV, LaptionokDV, Influence of severe plastic deformation on structure and phase composition of carbon steel. Nanostruct Mater. 1994;4:159–167. doi: 10.1016/0965-9773(94)90075-2
38.
DaitohY, HamadaT.Microstructures of heavily-deformed high carbon steel wires. Tetsu-to-Hagane. 2000;86:105. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.86.2_105
39.
DelrueH, HumbeeckJV, AernoudtE, LefeverI, RaemdonckWV.A study of aging of hard-drawn pearlitic steel wire by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermoelectric power (TEP). Wire Journal Int. 1997;65:74–80.
40.
DaitohY, HamadaT.Relationship between microstructural changes and strength in heavily drawn pearlitic wires. CAMP-ISIJ. 2003;16:494–497.
41.
BuonoVTL, AndradeMS, GonzalezBM.Kinetics of strain aging in drawn pearlitic steels. Metal Mater Trans A. 1998;29A:1415–1423. doi: 10.1007/s11661-998-0356-y
42.
BorstG.Determination of nitrogen and carbon interstitially dissolved in continuously-annealed steel sheets by means of a fully automatic torsion pendulum. Steel Res. 1990;61:121–130. doi: 10.1002/srin.199000316
43.
AernoudtE, SevillanoJG, DelrueH, Mechanical and thermal stability of heavily drawn pearlitic steel wire. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 1996;434:119–126. doi: 10.1557/PROC-434-119
44.
SatoS, ShobuT, SatohK, Distribution and anisotropy of dislocations in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires analyzed using micro-beam X-ray diffraction. ISIJ Int. 2015;55:1432–1438. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.55.1432
45.
HirakamiD, ManabeT, UshiodaK, Effect of aging treatment on hydrogen embrittlement of drawn pearlitic steel wire. ISIJ Int. 2016;56:893–898. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2015-735
46.
ShimizuK, KawabeN.Size dependence of delamination of high-carbon steel wire. ISIJ Int. 2001;41:183–191. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.41.183
47.
TanakaM, SaitoH, YasumaruM, Nature of delamination cracks in pearlitic steels. Scr Mater. 2016;112:32–36. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.09.004
48.
ZelinM.Microstructure evolution in pearlitic steels during wire drawing. Acta Mater. 2002;50:4431–4447. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00281-1
49.
SjoungSW, KangUG, HongSP, Aging behavior and delamination in cold drawn and post-deformation annealed hyper-eutectoid steel wires. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;586:171–177. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.07.095
50.
LeeJW, LeeJC, LeeYS, Effects of post-deformation annealing conditions on the behavior of lamellar cementite and the occurrence of delamination in cold drawn steel wires. J Mater Process Technol. 2009;209:5300–5304. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2009.03.019
51.
NakamuraY, KawakamiH, FujitaT, Wire drawing method with direct cooling system. Bull Jpn Inst Met. 1978;17:140–141. doi: 10.2320/materia1962.17.140
52.
SaitoH, YasumaruM, TanakaM, Relationship between fine microstructure and delamination in wire-drawn pearlitic steel. CAMP-ISIJ. 2015;28:924.
53.
EnosDG, ScullyJR.A critical-strain criterion for hydrogen embrittlement of cold-drawn, ultrafine pearlitic steel. Met Mater Trans A. 2002;33:1151–1166. doi: 10.1007/s11661-002-0217-z
54.
DoshidaT, TakaiK.Dependence of hydrogen-induced lattice defects and hydrogen embrittlement of cold-drawn pearlitic steels on hydrogen trap state, temperature, strain rate and hydrogen content. Acta Mater. 2014;79:93–107. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.07.008
55.
HirakamiD, YamasakiS, TaruiT, Competitive phenomenon of hydrogen trapping and carbon segregation in dislocations introduced by drawing or martensitic transformation of 0.35 mass% and 0.8 mass% C steels. ISIJ Int. 2016;56:359–365. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2015-555
56.
TakaiK, WatanukiR.Hydrogen in trapping states innocuous to environmental degradation of high-strength steels. ISIJ Int. 2003;43:520–526. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.43.520
57.
NakataniM, MinoshimaK, KandaJ, Influence of non-diffusive hydrogen on the fatigue behavior in cold-drawn eutectoid steel. CAMP-ISIJ. 2007;20:1097–1100.
58.
YamasakiS, TaruiT, ToshihikoT, Evaluation method of delayed fracture property of steel bars for prestressed concrete. CAMP-ISIJ. 1996;9:1492.
59.
NakataniM, MinoshimaK.Influence of activation energy and sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement on fatigue strength degradation by irreversible hydrogen in high-strength steels. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct. 2011;34:363–373. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2695.2010.01526.x
60.
YangYS, BaeJG, ParkCG.Improvement of the bending fatigue resistance of the hyper-eutectoid steel wires used for tire cords by a post-processing annealing. Mater Sci Eng A. 2008;488:554–561. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.11.048
61.
KatagiriK, SatoT, KasabaK, Effects of post-drawing treatments on the fatigue strength of eutectoid steel wires. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct. 1999;22:753–760. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-2695.1999.t01-1-00212.x
