The evolution of the microstructure and texture of polycrystalline nickel, from its initial state to that after a hydrostatic extrusion process to total true strains of 0.5, 1.18, 1.62 and 2.2, were examined. Investigation of the microstructure revealed that the grain size was reduced from ∼32 µm to ∼200 nm. The local texture transformation and major boundary misorientation angles were discussed based on electron backscattered diffraction results, while XRD was used to give a qualitative and quantitative description of the global texture. Microhardness measurements were performed to investigate the changes in the mechanical properties of the deformed material.
BuchheitTE, MichaelJR, ChristensonTR, . Microstructural and mechanical properties investigation of electrodeposited and annealed LIGA nickel structures. Metall Mater Trans A. 2002;33:539–554. doi: 10.1007/s11661-002-0116-3
2.
LuoJK, FlewittAJ, SpearingSM, . Young's modulus of electroplated Ni thin film for MEMS applications. Mater Lett. 2004;58:2306–2309. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2004.02.044
3.
HemkerKJ, LastH.Microsample tensile testing of LIGA nickel for MEMS applications. Mater Sci Eng A. 2001;319–321:882–886. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(01)00956-X
4.
KulczykM, PachlaW, MazurA, . Microstructure and mechanical properties of nickel deformed by hydrostatic extrusion. Sci Mater. 2005;23.
5.
NeishiK, HoritaZ, LangdonTG.Grain refinement of pure nickel using equal-channel angular pressing. Mater Sci Eng A. 2002;325:54–58. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01404-6
6.
BohlenJ, YiSB, SwiostekJ, . Microstructure and texture development during hydrostatic extrusion of magnesium alloy AZ31. Scr Mater. 2005;53:259–264. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.03.036
7.
GrosdidierT, FundenbergerJ-J, GoranD, On microstructure and texture heterogeneities in single crystals deformed by equal channel angular extrusion. Scr Mater. 2008;59:1087–1090. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.07.032
8.
BazarnikP, RomelczykB, KulczykM, . The strength and ductility of 5483 aluminium alloy processed by various SPD methods. Mater Sci Forum. 2013;765:423–428. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.765.423
9.
ZhilyaevAP, KimB-K, SzpunarJA, . The microstructural characteristics of ultrafine-grained nickel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2005;391:377–389. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2004.09.030
10.
HughesDA, HansenN.Microstructure and strength of nickel at large strains. Acta Mater. 2000;48:2985–3004. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(00)00082-3
11.
InoueN., NishiharaM.Hydrostatic extrusion. Theory and applications. London: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1985.
12.
KulczykM, PachlaW, Swiderska-SrodaA, . Combination of ECAP and hydrostatic extrusion for UFG microstructure generation in nickel. Diffus Defect Data PtB Solid State Phenom. 2006;114:51–56. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.114.51
13.
Adamczyk-CieślakB, MizeraJ, KurzydłowskiKJ.Microstructures in the 6060 aluminium alloy after various severe plastic deformation treatments. Mater Charact. 2011;62:327–332. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2011.01.009
14.
MajP, Adamczyk-CieślakB, MizeraJ, . Microstructure and mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel subjected to hydrostatic extrusion. Mater Charact. 2014;93:110–118. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2014.03.017
15.
KrawczynskaAT, GlocM, LublinskaK.Intergranular corrosion resistance of nanostructured austenitic stainless steel. J Mater Sci. 2013;48:4517–4523. doi: 10.1007/s10853-013-7283-z
16.
ZherebtsovS, MazurA, SalishchevG, . Effect of hydrostatic extrusion at 600–700°C on the structure and properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2008;485:39–45. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.08.081
17.
RichertM.Structure and properties of copper deformed by severe plastic deformation methods. J Achiev Mater Manuf Eng. 2011;44:50–56.
18.
JakubowskaD, ZdunekJ, KulczykM, Microstructure evolution and texture development in a Cu-8.5%at. Al material subjected to hydrostatic extrusion. Arch Metall Mater. 2016;61. doi: 10.1515/amm-2016-0158
19.
SkrotzkiW, TóthLS, KlödenB, . Texture after ECAP of a cube-oriented Ni single crystal. Acta Mater. 2008;56:3439–3449. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.03.017
20.
ZhangYB, YuT, MishinOV.An electron microscopy study of microstructural evolution during in-situ annealing of heavily deformed nickel. Mater Lett. 2017;186:102–104. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.09.082
21.
ZhilyaevAP, BaróMD, LangdonTG, . An examination of microtexture and microstructure in ultrafine-grained nickel. Rev Adv Mater Sci. 2004;7:41–49.
22.
ZdunekJ, MizeraJ, WasikK, . Microstructural analysis of the <111> and <110> nickel single crystals subjected to severe plastic deformation by hydroextrusion. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;569:92–95. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.11.093
23.
JakubowskaD, ZdunekJ, KulczykM, Microstructure and texture of hydrostatic extrusion deformed Ni single crystals and polycrystal. Adv in Mat Sci and Eng. 2015;2015; Article ID 613839.
24.
BeyerleinIJ, TóthLS.Texture evolution in equal-channel angular extrusion. Prog Mater Sci. 2009;54:427–510. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2009.01.001
EnglishAT, ChinGY.On the variation of wire texture with stacking fault energy in f.c.c. metals and alloys. Acta Matell. 1965;13:1013–1016. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(65)90010-6
28.
Adamczyk-CieślakB, MizeraJ, KurzydłowskiKJ.Texture development in a model Al–Li alloy subjected to severe plastic deformation. Solid State Phenom. 2006;114:337–344. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.114.337
29.
Adamczvk-CieślakB, MizeraJ, KurzydłowskiKJ.2006. High pressure technology of nanomaterials. Solid State Phenom. doi: 10.4028/3-908451-22-1
