Four steels containing Si + Al = 2 wt- were investigated in this study. Three mixed microstructures, namely, bainite + martensite + retained austenite (MB+Ar), martensite + retained austenite (M+Ar) and low-temperature bainite + retained austenite (LB+Ar) were obtained. Wear resistance was determined by dry sliding friction testing under different conditions. Results showed that Al promoted the formation of oxide films during wear process, resulting in the improvement of wear resistance, especially under a high-load condition. Under the same hardness, the wear resistance of MB+Ar was improved by 65 and 100 compared with that of LB+Ar and M+Ar microstructures, respectively. At high temperature, the worn surface was covered by oxide films and the samples exhibited abrasive and adhesive wear mechanisms. However, at low temperature, the oxide films were difficult to generate on the worn surface; the adhesive wear mode was dominant and resulted in severe wear.
GarnhamJ. E. and BeynonJ. H.: ‘Dry rolling-sliding wear of bainitic and pearlitic steels’, Wear, 1992, 157, 81–109. doi: 10.1016/0043-1648(92)90189-F
2.
JinN. and ClaytonP.: ‘Effect of microstructure on rolling/sliding wear of low carbon bainitic steels’, Wear, 1997, 202, 202–207. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1648(96)07271-7
3.
LeeK. M. and PolycarpouA. A.: ‘Wear of conventional pearlitic and improved bainitic rail steels’, Wear, 2005, 259, 391–399. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.058
4.
CaballeroF. G. and BhadeshiaH. K. D. H.: ‘Very strong bainite’, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 2004, 8, 251–257. doi: 10.1016/j.cossms.2004.09.005
5.
BhadeshiaH. K. D. H. and ChristianJ. W.: ‘Bainite in steels’, Metall. Trans. A, 1990, 21, 767–797. doi: 10.1007/BF02656561
6.
Das BakshiS., ShipwayP. H. and BhadeshiaH. K. D. H.: ‘Three-body abrasive wear of fine pearlite, nanostructured bainite and martensite’, Wear, 2013, 308, 46–53. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2013.09.008
7.
ZhangP., ZhangF. C., YanZ. G., WangT. S. and QianL. H.: ‘Wear property of low-temperature bainite in the surface layer of a carburized low carbon steel’, Wear, 2011, 271, 697–704. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2010.12.025
8.
ChattopadhyayC., SangalS., MondalK. and GargA.: ‘Improved wear resistance of medium carbon microalloyed bainitic steels’, Wear, 2012, 289, 168–179. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2012.03.005
9.
LeiroA., VuorinenE., SundinK. G., PrakashB., SourmailT., SmanioV., CaballeroF. G., Garcia-MateoC. and ElviraR.: ‘Wear of nano-structured carbide-free bainitic steels under dry rolling–sliding conditions’, Wear, 2013, 298–299, 42–47. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2012.11.064
10.
SourmailT., CaballeroF. G., Garcia-MateoC., SmanioV., ZieglerC., KuntzM., ElviraR., LeiroA.VuorinenE. and TeeriT.: ‘Evaluation of potential of high Si high C steel nanostructured bainite for wear and fatigue applications’, Mater. Sci. Tech.-Lond., 2013, 29, 1166–1173. doi: 10.1179/1743284713Y.0000000242
11.
HuF., WuK. M. and HodgsonP. D.: ‘Effect of retained austenite on wear resistance of nanostructured dual phase steels’, Mater. Sci. Tech.-Lond., 2016, 32, 40–48. doi: 10.1179/1743284715Y.0000000061
12.
ShipwayP. H., WoodS. J. and DentA. H.: ‘The hardness and sliding wear behaviour of a bainitic steel’, Wear, 1997, 203–204, 196–205. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1648(96)07411-X
13.
DevanathanR. and ClaytonP.: ‘Rolling-sliding wear behavior of three bainitic steels’, Wear, 1991, 151, 255–267. doi: 10.1016/0043-1648(91)90253-Q
14.
FengX. Y., ZhangF. C., KangJ., YangZ. N. and LongX. Y.: ‘Sliding wear and low cycle fatigue properties of new carbide free bainitic rail steel’, Mater. Sci. Tech.-Lond., 2014, 30, 1410–1418. doi: 10.1179/1743284713Y.0000000474
15.
VuorinenE., PinoD., LundmarkJ. and PrakashB.: ‘Wear characteristic of surface hardened ausferritic Si-steel’, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2007, 14, 245–248. doi: 10.1016/S1006-706X(08)60087-4
16.
YoozbashiM. N., YazdaniS. and WangT. S.: ‘Design of a new nanostructured, high-Si bainitic steel with lower cost production’, Mater. Design, 2011, 32, 3248–3253. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.02.031
17.
Garcia-MateoC., CaballeroF. G., SourmailT., KuntzM., CornideJ., SmanioV. and ElviraR.: ‘Tensile behaviour of a nanocrystalline bainitic steel containing 3wt silicon’, Mat. Sci. Eng. A-Struct., 2012, 549, 185–192. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.04.031
18.
YangJ., WangT. S., ZhangB. and ZhangF. C.: ‘Microstructure and mechanical properties of high-carbon Si–Al-rich steel by low-temperature austempering’, Mater. Design, 2012, 35, 170–174. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.041
19.
ZhengC. L., LvB., ChenC., YanZ. G., ZhangF. C. and QianL. H.: ‘Hydrogen embrittlement of a manganese–aluminum high-strength bainitic steel for railway crossings’, ISIJ Int., 2011, 51, 1749–1753. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.51.1749
20.
ZhangF. C., WangT. S., ZhangP., ZhengC. L., LvB., ZhangM. and ZhengY. Z.: ‘A novel method for the development of a low-temperature bainitic microstructure in the surface layer of low-carbon steel’, Scripta Mater., 2008, 59, 294–296. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.03.024
21.
Garcia-MateoC., CaballeroF. G. and BhadeshiaH. K. D. H.: ‘Acceleration of low-temperature bainite’, ISIJ Int., 2003, 43, 1821–1825. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.43.1821
22.
MeyerM. D., VanderschuerenD. and CoomaB. C. D.: ‘The influence of the substitution of Si by Al on the properties of cold rolled C-Mn-Si TRIP steels’, ISIJ Int., 1999, 39, 813–822. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.39.813
23.
HojoT., SugimotoK. and MukaiY.: ‘Effects of aluminum on delayed fracture properties of ultra high strength low alloy TRIP-aided steels’, ISIJ Int., 2008, 48, 824–829. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.48.824
24.
ViafaraC. C., CastroM. I., VelezJ. M. and ToroA.: ‘Unlubricated sliding wear of pearlitic and bainitic steels’, Wear, 2005, 259, 405–411. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.013
25.
TomitaY. and OkabayashiK.: ‘Mechanical properties of 0.40 pct C-Ni-Cr-Mo high strength steel having a mixed structure of martensite and bainite’, Metall. Trans. A, 1985, 16, 73–82. doi: 10.1007/BF02656714
26.
TomitaY. and OkabayashiK.: ‘Modified heat treatment for lower temperature improvement of the mechanical properties of two ultrahigh strength low alloy steels’, Metall. Trans. A, 1985, 16, 83–91. doi: 10.1007/BF02656715
27.
YoungH. and BhadeshiaH. K. D. H.: ‘Strength of mixtures of bainite and martensite’, Mater. Sci. Tech.-Lond., 1994, 10, 209–214. doi: 10.1179/mst.1994.10.3.209
28.
LeiroA., KankanalaA., VuorinenE. and PrakashB.: ‘Tribological behaviour of carbide-free bainitic steel under dry rolling/sliding conditions’, Wear, 2011, 273, 2–8. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2011.03.025
29.
ChangL. C.: ‘The rolling/sliding wear performance of high silicon carbide-free bainitic steels’, Wear, 2005, 258, 730–743. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2004.09.064
30.
JostN. and SchmidtI.: ‘Friction-induced martensitic transformation in austenitic manganese steels’, Wear, 1986, 111, 377–389. doi: 10.1016/0043-1648(86)90134-1
31.
NewcombS. B. and StobbsW. M.: ‘A transmission electron microscopy study of the white-etching layer on a rail head’, Mater. Sci. Eng., 1984, 66, 195–204. doi: 10.1016/0025-5416(84)90180-0
32.
MilanJ. C. G., CarvalhoM. A., XavierR. R., FrancoS. D. and MelloJ. D. B. D.: ‘Effect of temperature, normal load and pre-oxidation on the sliding wear of multi-component ferrous alloys’, Wear, 2005, 259, 412–423. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.050
33.
StottF. H. and JordanM. P.: ‘The effects of load and substrate hardness on the development and maintenance of wear-protective layers during sliding at elevated temperatures’, Wear, 2001, 250, 391–400. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00601-9
34.
FengX. Y., ZhangF. C., YangZ. N. and ZhangM.: ‘Wear behaviour of nanocrystallised Hadfield steel’, Wear, 2013, 305, 299–304. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2012.11.038
