Social support and resilience to foster prosocial behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic confinement: an explanatory model ( Apoyo social y resiliencia para fomentar las conductas prosociales durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19: un modelo explicativo )

Abstract

Spanish

The containment measures taken because of the COVID-19 pandemic have had consequences on human thought and behaviour. The purpose of this study is to contrast an explanatory model of prosocial behaviours during confinement by analysing different variables involved. The study sample was made up of 946 participants (70.9% female) and had an average age of 35.25 (SD = 13.98). Participants completed a series of online questionnaires. The results show that social support is a predictor of prosocial behaviours and resilience is a mediator in this relationship; living with others is a protective factor for social support; not working during confinement is a predictor for prosocial behaviours; and being female is a predictor of social support and prosocial behaviours. The proposed model explains 33% of the variance in prosocial behaviours and showed an optimal fit (χ²/gl = 1.68; CFI = .990; GFI = .985; RMSEA = .027). The results explain certain underlying mechanisms of prosociality in difficult times and reflect certain characteristics of the people most vulnerable to the consequences of confinement.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Anderson

M. B.

(1994). El concepto de vulnerabilidad: Más allá de la focalización en los grupos vulnerables. Revista Internacional de la Cruz Roja, 124(124), 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0250569X00019075

Arias

W. G.

(2015). Prosocial behavior and positive psychology. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 23(1), 37–47. http://revistas.unife.edu.pe/index.php/avancesenpsicologia/article/view/169

Arroyo-Sánchez

A. S.

Cabrejo

Cruzado

. (2020). Infodemic, the other pandemic during 2019 coronavirus disease. Anales de la Facultad de Medicina, 81(2), 230–233. https://doi.org/10.15381/anales.v81i2.17793

Artuch-Garde

Del Carmen Gonzalez-torres

de la Fuente

Mariano Vera

Fernandez-Cabezas

Lopez-Garcia

. (2017). Relationship between resilience and self-regulation: A study of Spanish youth at risk of social exclusion. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, e612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00612

Auné

Abal

Attorresi

. (2017). Prosocial behavior and gender stereotypes. Praxis, 27(17), 7–19. http://www.praxis.udp.cl/index.php/praxis/article/view/15

Barbosa-Torres

. (2020). Is Spain prepared to provide psychological support during the COVID-19 crisis? Atención Primaria, 9(52), 667–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2020.04.012

Brown

J. B.

Lichter

D. T

. (2006). Childhood disadvantage, adolescent development, and pro-social behavior in early adulthood. Advances in Life Course Research, 11, 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-2608(06)11006-0

Bueno

M. F.

Barrientos-Trigo

. (2020). Caring for the caregiver: The emotional impact of the coronavirus epidemic on nurses and other health professionals. Enfermería Clínica, 31(1), 35–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.05.006

Caprara

G. V.

Steca

Zelli

Capanna

. (2005). A new scale for measuring adults’ prosocialness. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.77

10.

Dosil

M. S.

Ozamiz-Etxeberria

Redondo

Alboniga-Mayor

J. J.

Picaza

. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 on a sample of Spanish health professionals. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 14(2), 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.05.004

11.

Drummond

O’Driscoll

M. P.

Brough

Kalliath

Siu

O. L.

Timms

Riley

Sit

. (2016). The relationship of social support with well-being outcomes via work–family conflict: Moderating effects of gender, dependants and nationality. Human Relations, 70(5), 544–565. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726716662696

12.

Erquicia

Valls

Barja

Gil

Miquel

Leal-Blanquet

Schmidt

Checa

Vega

. (2020). Emotional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers in one of the most important infection outbreaks in Europe. Medicina Clínica, 155(19), 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2020.07.006

13.

Esparza-Reig

. (2020). Prosocial behavior as a protective factor against gambling addiction problems in university students. Revista Digital de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria, 14(1), e1197. https://doi.org/10.19083/ridu.2020.1197

14.

Font

Sanmarti

Quintana

Dalmau

Escobar-Bravo

M. A

. (2019). Influence of social suport on quality of life in elderly patients with HIV. Revista Multidisciplinar del Sida, 7(16), 7–19. http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/67693

15.

Gallegos

Zalaquett

Luna

S. E. S.

Mazo-Zea

Ortiz-Torres

Penagos-Corzo

J. C.

Portillo

Torres

I. F.

Urzúa

Morgan

M. C.

Polanco

F. A.

Florez

A. M.

Lopes

. (2020). Coping with the coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic in the Americas: Recommendations and guidelines for mental health. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 54(1), e1304. https://doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v54i1.1304

16.

González-Sanguino

Ausín

Castellanos

M. A.

Saiz

López-Gómez

Ugidos

Muñoz

. (2020). Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 172–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040

17.

Guerra

I. C. O

. (2012). Vulnerabilidad social. Posicionamientos y ángulos desde geografías diferentes. Cuadernos Geográficos, 50(1), 247–250. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=17125407013

18.

Hall

R. J.

Snell

A. F.

Foust

M. S

. (1999). Item parceling strategies in SEM: Investigating the subtle effects of unmodeled secondary constructs. Organizational Research Methods, 2(3), 233–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442819923002

19.

L. T.

Bentler

P. M

. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

20.

Iacobucci

. (2010). Structural equations modeling: Fit indices, sample size, and advanced topics. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(1), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003

21.

Leiva

Pineda

Encina

. (2013). Self-esteem and social support as predictors of resilience in a group of adolescents on social vulnerability. Revista de Psicología, 22(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2013.30859

22.

López-Angulo

Pérez-Villalobos

M. V.

Cobo-Rendón

R. C.

Díaz-Mujica

A. E

. (2020). Social support, gender and knowledge area over self-perceived academic performance in Chilean university students. Formación Universitaria, 13(3), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50062020000300011

23.

Lozano-Vargas

. (2020). Impacto de la epidemia del Coronavirus (COVID-19) en la salud mental del personal de salud y en la población general de China. Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 83(1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.20453/rnp.v83i1.3687

24.

Manzano

A. P. P

. (2018). Introduction to structural equation models. Metodología de Investigación en Salud Médica, 7(25), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riem.2017.11.002

25.

Marsh

H. W.

Hau

K. T.

Wen

. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320–341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2

26.

Martí-Vilar

Merino-Soto

Rodriguez

L. M

. (2020). Measurement invariance of the prosocial behavior scale in three hispanic countries (Argentina, Spain, and Peru). Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 29. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00029

27.

Medrano

L. A.

Muñoz-Navarro

. (2017). Conceptual and practical approach to structural equations modeling. Revista Digital de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria, 11(1), 219–239. https://doi.org/10.19083/ridu.11.486

28.

Moreno

Lara

Torres

. (2019). Community resilience in response to the 2010 tsunami in Chile: The survival of a small-scale fishing community. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 33, 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.10.024

29.

Moret-Tatay

Fernández-Muñoz

J. J.

Civera-Mollá

Navarro-Pardo

Alcover de la Hera

. (2015). Psychometric properties and factor structure of the BRCS in an elderly Spanish sample. Anales de Psicología, 31(3), 1030–1034. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.3.188401

30.

Muñoz-Silva

de la Corte

C. D.

Lorence-Lara

Sánchez-García

. (2020). Psychosocial adjustment and sociometric status in primary education: Gender differences. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, e60724. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607274

31.

Murueta

M. E

. (2020). La salud psicológica en tiempos del Coronavirus 19. Integración Académica en Psicología, 8(23), 11–21. http://integracion-academica.org/36-volumen-8-numero-23-mayo-agosto-2020/272-la-salud-psicologica-en-tiempos-del-coronavirus-19

32.

Nicholas

P. K

. (1993). Hardiness, self-care practices and perceived health status in older adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18(7), 1085–1094. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1993.18071085.x

33.

Nickels

Kubicki

Maestripieri

. (2017). Sex differences in the effects of psychosocial stress on cooperative and prosocial behavior: Evidence for ‘flight or fight’ in males and ‘tend and befriend’ in females. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 3, 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-017-0062-3

34.

Oriol-Bosch

. (2012). Resilience. Educación Médica, 15(2), 77–78. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-18132012000200004

35.

Prado

R. A.

Águila

M. C

. (2003). Gender and socioeconomic level differences in resilience in adolescents. Personas, 6, 179–196. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=147118110009

36.

Rao

Han

Ren

Bai

Zheng

Liu

Wang

Zhang

. (2011). Disadvantage and prosocial behavior: The effects of the Wenchun earthquake. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32(1), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.07.002

37.

Raurell-Torredà

Martínez-Estalella

Frade-Mera

M. J.

Carrasco Rodríguez-Rey

L. F.

Romero de San Pío

. (2020). Reflections arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. Enfermería Intensiva, 31(2), 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfi.2020.03.002

38.

Revilla

Del Castillo

L. J.

Bailon

Medina

M. I

. (2005). Validación del cuestionario MOS de apoyo social en Atención Primaria. Medicina de Familia, 6(1), 10–18. https://www.samfyc.es/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/v6n1.pdf

39.

Rodríguez

Trainor

Quarantelli

E. L

. (2006). Rising to the challenges of a catastrophe: The emergent and prosocial behavior following Hurricane Katrina. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 604(1), 82–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716205284677

40.

Sherbourne

C. D.

Stewart

A. L

. (1991). The MOS social support survey. Social Science and Medicine, 32(6), 705–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90150-B

41.

Simpson

Harrell

Melamed

Heiserman

Negraia

D. V

. (2018). The roots of reciprocity: Gratitude and reputation in generalized exchange systems. American Sociological Review, 83(1), 88–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122417747290

42.

Sinclair

V. G.

Wallston

K. A

. (2004). The development and psychometric evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Assessment, 11(1), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191103258144

43.

Stanger

Backhouse

S. H.

Jennings

McKenna

. (2018). Linking motivational climate with moral behavior in youth sport: The role of social support, perspective taking, and moral disengagement. Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology, 7(4), 392–407. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000122

44.

Tull

M. T.

Edmonds

K. A.

Scamaldo

K. M.

Richmond

J. R.

Rose

J. P.

Gratz

K. L

. (2020). Psychologinal outcomes associated with stay-at-home orders and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113098

45.

Uriarte

J. D. A

. (2010). La resiliencia comunitaria en situaciones catastróficas y de emergencia. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 1(1), 687–693. http://dehesa.unex.es/handle/10662/3121

46.

Van Lange

P. A. M.

Manesi

Meershoek

R. W. J.

Yuan

Dong

Van Doesum

N. J

. (2018). Do male and female soccer players differ in helping? A study on prosocial behavior among young players. PLoS One, 13(12), e0209168. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209168