En una amplia variedad de tareas de detección de objetivos auditivos y visuales, la ejecución era escasamente influida por el número de no-objetivos simultáneos, pero le afectaba si los objetivos simultáneos debían ser detectados por separado. Se ha sugerido que sólo los objetivos necesitan pasar por un sistema de capacidad limitada que conduce a la conciencia; los no-objetivos pueden ser identificados y rechazados por un procesamiento paralelo e inconsciente. Puesto que las palabras no- objetivo, por ejemplo, se pueden rechazar en base al significado, el estímulo debe ser completamente analizado antes de pasar por el sistema de capacidad limitada. De modo general, la disminución en la ejecución debida a la atención dividida es acusada siempre que la estimulación simultánea (psicofísica, verbal, etc.) se deba identificar por separado, puesto que bajo estas circunstancias cualquier estimulación debe pasar por un sistema de capacidad limitada hasta la conciencia.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AllportD. A.«Parallel encoding within and between elementary stimulus dimensions», Perception & Psycbophysics, 10, 104–108, 1971.
2.
AllportD. A.«ON knowing the meaning of words we are unable to report: The effects of visual masking». InDornicS. (Ed.), Altention and performance VI, Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum, 1977.
3.
AverbachE.CoriellA. S.«Short term memory in vision», Bell Systems Technical Journal, 40, 309–328, 1961.
4.
BroadbentD. E.Perception and communication, London: Pergamon Press, 1958.
5.
BroadbentD. E.Decision and stress, London: Academic Press, 1971.
6.
CorcoranD. W. J.JacksonA.«Basic processes and strategies in visual search». InDornicS. (Ed.), Attention and performance VI.Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum, 1977.
7.
CorteenR. S.DunnD.«Shock-associated words in a nonattended message: A test for momentary awareness», Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 1.143–1.144, 1974.
8.
CorteenR. S.WoodB.«Autonomic responses to shock-associated words in an unattended channel», Journal of Experimental Psychology, 94, 308–313, 1972.
9.
DeutschJ. A.DeutschD.«Attention: Some theoretical considerations», Psychological Review, 70, 80–90, 1963.
10.
DickA. O.«On the problem of selection in short-term visual (iconic) memory.Canadian Journal of Psychology, 25, 250–263, 1971.
EijkmanE.VendrikA. J. H.«Can a sensory system be specified by its internal noise?», Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 37, 1.102–1.109, 1965.
15.
ErdelyiM. H.«A new look at the new loon: Perceptual defense and vigilance», Psychological Review, 81, 1–25, 1974.
16.
EriksenC. W.HoffmanJ. E.«The extent of processing of noise elements during selective encoding from visual displays», Perception & Psychophysics, 14, 155–160, 1973.
17.
EriksenC. W.LappinJ. S.«Independence in the perception of simultaneously presented forms at brief durations», Journal of Experimental Psychology, 73, 468–472, 1967.
18.
EriksenC. W.SpencerT.«Rate of information processing in visual perception: Some results and methodoligical considerations», Journal of Experimental Psychology Monograph, 79 (2, Pt. 2), 1969.
19.
EstesW. K.«Interaction of signal and background variables in visual processing», Perception & Psychophysics, 13, 278–286, 1972.
20.
ForbesS. M.TaylorM. M.LindsayP. H.Cue timing in a multi-dimensional detection task», Perceptual and Motor Skills, 25, 113–120, 1967.
21.
ForsterP. M.GovierE.«Discrimination without awareness?Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 30, 289–295, 1978.
LongJ.«Reduced efficiency and capacity limitation in multidimencional signal recognition», Quarterly, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 599–614, 1975.
33.
MackayD.«Aspects of the theory of comprehension, memory, and attention», Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 22–40, 1973.
34.
MassaroD. W.KahnB. J.«Effects of central processing on auditory recognition», Journal of Experimental Psychology, 97, 51–58, 1973.
35.
MassaroD. W.WarnerD. S.«Dividing attention between auditory and visual perception», Perception & Psychophysics, 21, 569–574, 1977.
36.
McclellandJ. L.JohnstonJ. C.«The role of familiar units in perception of words and nonwords», Perception & Psychophysics, 22, 249–261, 1977.
37.
MorayN.Listening and attention Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1969.
38.
MorayN.«A data base for theories of selective listening». InRabbittP. M. A.DornicS. (Eds.), Attention and performance V.London: Academic Press, 1975.
39.
MorayN.FitterM.OstryD.FavreauD.NagyV.«Attention to pure tones», Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 28, 271–283, 1976.
OstryD.MorayN.MarksG.«Attention, practice, and semantic targets», Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2, 326–336, 1976.
42.
PohlmannL. D.SorkinR. D.«Simultaneous three-channel signal detection: Performance and criterion as a function of order of report», Perception & Psychophysics, 20, 176–179, 1976.
43.
PosnerM. I.Chronometrie explorations of mind.Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum, 1978.
44.
PosnerM. I.NissenM. J.OgdenW. C.«Attended and unattended processing modes: The role of set for spatial location». InPickH. L.SaltzmanE. J. (Eds.), Modes of perceiving and processing information.Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum, 1978.
45.
ReicherG. M.«Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material», Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 275–281, 1969.
46.
SchneiderW.ShiffrinR. M.«Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention», Psychological Review, 84, 1–66, 1977.
47.
ShiffrinR. M.«The locus and role of attention in memory systems». InRabbittP. M. A.DornicS. (Eds.), Attention and performance V.London: Academic Press, 1975.
48.
ShiffrinR. M.CraigJ. C.CohenU.«On the degree of attention and capacity limitations in tactile processing», Perception & Psychophysics, 13, 328–336, 1973.
49.
ShiffrinR. M.GardnerG. T.«Visual processing capacity and attentional control», Journal of Experimental Psychology, 93, 72–83, 1972.
50.
ShiffrinR. M.GardnerG. T.AllmeyerD. H.«On the degree of attention and capacity limitations in visual processing», Perception & Psychophysics, 14, 231–236, 1973.
51.
ShiffrinR. M.GranthamD. W.«Can attention be allocated to a sensory modality?», Perception & Psychophysics, 15, 460–474, 1974.
52.
ShiffrinR. M.PisoniD. M.Castaneda-MendezK.«Is attention shared between the ears?, Cognitive Psychology, 6, 190–215, 1974.
53.
ShiffrinR. M.SchneiderW.«Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory», Psychological Review, 84, 127–190, 1977.
54.
SorkinR. D.PohlmannL. D.GilliomJ.«Simultaneous two-channel signal detection: III. 630 and 1400 Hz signals», Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 53, 1045–1051, 1973.
SperlingG.«The information available in brief visual presentations», Psychological Monographs, 74 (11, Whole No. 498), 1960.
57.
SperlingG.«A model for visual memory tasks», Human Factors, 5, 19–31, 1963.
58.
SperlingG.«Successive approximations to a model for short-term memory. InSandersA. F. (Ed.)», Attention and performance I, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1967.
59.
StoneM.«Models for choice reaction time», Psychometrika, 25, 251–260, 1960.
60.
TaylorD. A.«Identification and categorization of letters and digits», Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 4, 423–439, 1978.
61.
TreismanA. M.«Effects of irrelevant material on the efficiency of selective listening», American Journal of Psychology, 77, 533–546, 1964 (a).
62.
TreismanA. M.«Verbal cues, language, and meaning in selective attention», American Journal of Psychology, 77, 206–219, 1964 (b).
63.
TreismanA. M.«The psychological reality of levels of processing. InCermakL. S.CraikF. I. M. (Eds)», Levels of processing and human memory, Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum, 1979.
64.
TreismanA. M.DaviesA.«Divided attention to ear and eye». InKornblumS. (Ed.), Attention and performance IV, London, Academic Press, 1973.
65.
TreismanA. M.GeffenG.«Selective attention: perception or response?», Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 19, 1–17, 1967.
66.
TreismanA. M.RileyR. G.«IS selective attention selective perception or selective response? A further test», Journal of Experimental sychology, 79, 27–34, 1969.
67.
TreismanA. M.SquireR.GreenJ.«Semantic processing in dichotic listening? A replication», Memory & Cognition, 2, 641–646, 1974.
68.
TreismanA. M.SykesM.GeladeG.«Selective attention and stimulus integration». InDornicS. (Ed.), Attention and performance VI, Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum, 1977.
69.
UnderwoodG.MorayN.«Shadowing and monitoring for selective attention», Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 23, 284–295, 1971.
70.
Von WrightJ. M.«On selection in visual immediate memory». InSandersA. F. (Ed.), Attention and performance III, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1970.
71.
Von WrightJ. M.«On the problem of selection in iconic memory», Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 13, 159–171, 1972.
72.
Von WrightJ. M.AndersonK.StenmanU.«Generalisation of conditioned GSRs in dichotic listening». InRabbitP. M. A.DornicS. (Eds.), Attention and performance V, London, Academic Press, 1975.
73.
WardlawK. A.KrollN. E. A.«Autonomic responses to shock-associated words in a nonattended message: A failure to replicate», Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2, 357–360, 1976.
