La creciente aceptación de que gran parte de la varianza de interés psicológico de la conducta podría encontrarse en la interacción entre la persona y la situación, sugiere la necesidad de un lenguaje común para la descripción tanto de las personas como de las situaciones. De acuerdo con esto, proponemos que una situación sea caracterizada por una serie de pares de plantillas de conducta, esto es, un conjunto de descripciones de personalidad (del tipo Q) de hipotéticas personas “ideales”, cada una de las cuales se asocia con una conducta concreta. La descripción del tipo Q de un determinado individuo se empareja pues, con cada plantilla, y se predice que mostrará la conducta asociada con la caracterización situacional-tipo a que más se parezca. La utilidad heurística y predictiva de esta técnica de emparejamiento, se demuestra en tres grupos de experimentos clásicos: (a) la situación de demora de la gratificación, (b) el juego de negociación estratégica, y (c) el experimento de condescendencia forzada. Se muestra que esta técnica también puede utilizarse para evaluar la validez ecológica de los experimentos de laboratorio, y para probar teorías que conciernen a los fenomenos psicológicos.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlexanderC. N.KnightG. W.Situated identit and social psychological experimentation.Sociometry, 1971, 34, 65–82.
2.
ArsenianJ.ArsenianJ. M.Though and easy cultures: A conceptual analysis.Psychiatry, 1948, 11, 377–385.
3.
BaumridD.Some thoughts on ethics of research. After reading Milgram's «Behavioral study of obedience».American Psychologist, 1964, 19, 421–423.
4.
BemD. J.An experimental analysis of beliefs and attitudes. (Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Michigan, 1964). Dissertation Abstracts, 1964, 25, 3723. (University Microfilms n.o64–12.588).
5.
BemD. J.An experimental analysis of self-persuasion.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1965, 1, 199–218.
6.
BemD. J.Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena.Psychological Review, 1967, 74, 183–200.
7.
BemD. J.Self-perception theory. EnBerkowitzL. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 6). Nueva York: Academic Press, 1972.
8.
BemD. J.AllenA.On predicting some of the people some of the time: The search for cross-situational Consistences in behavior.Psychological Review, 1979, 81, 506–520.
9.
Bem.dJ.McconnellH. K.Testing the self-perception explanation of dissonance phenomena on the salience of premanipulation attitudes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.1970, 14, 23–31.
10.
BlockJ.The Q-sort method in personality assessment and psychiatric research.Springfield. Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1961.
11.
BlockJ.Lives through time.Berkeley, Calif.: Bancroft Books, 1971.
12.
BlockJ.Advancing the psychology of personality Paradigmatic shift or improving the quality of rerearch? EnMagnussonD.EndlerN. S. (Eds.). Personality at the crossroads: Current issues in interactional psychology.Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum, 1977.
13.
BlockJ.PetersenP.Some personality correlates of confidence, caution and speed in a decision situation.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1955, 51, 34–41.
14.
BlockJ. H.MartinB.Predicting the behavior of children under frustration.Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 1955, 51, 281–285.
15.
CarlsmithJ. M.CollinsB.E.HelmreichR. L.Studies in forced compliance: I. The effect of presure for compliance on attitude change produced by face-to-face role playing and anonymous essay writing.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966, 4, 1–13.
16.
CheinI.The environment as a determinant of behavior.Journal of Social Psychology, 1954, 39, 115–127.
17.
CraikK. H.The personality research paradigm in environmental psychology. EnWagnerS.CohenS. B.KaplanB. (Eds.). Experiencing the environment.Nueva York: Plenum, 1976.
18.
CronbachL. J.Processes affecting scores on «under standing of others» and «assumed similitary».Psychological Bulletin, 1955, 52, 177–193.
19.
DawesR. M.CorriganB.Linear models in decision making.Psychological Bulletin, 1974. 81. 95–106
20.
ElmsA.JanisI. L.Counter-norm attitudes induced by consonant versus dissonant conditions of roleplaying.Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 1965,1, 50–60.
21.
EndlerN. S.MagnussonD.Interactional psychology and personality.Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publising, 1976.
22.
FestingerL.CarlsmithJ. M.Cognitive consequences of forced compliance.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1959, 58, 203–210.
23.
FrederiksenN.Toward a taxonomy of situations.American Psychologist, 1972, 27, 114–123.
24.
FullerJ. L.Situational analysis: A classification of organism-field interactions.Psychological Review, 1950, 37, 3–18.
25.
GoughH. G.The Adjective Check List as a personality assessment research technique.Psychological Reports, 1960, 0, 107–122.
26.
GoughH. G.Conceptual analysis of psychological test scores and other diagnostic variables.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1965, 70, 294–302.
27.
JanisI. L.GilmoreJ. B.The influence of incentive conditions on the success of role playing in modifying attitudes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1965, 1, 17–27.
28.
KasmarJ. V.The development of a usable lexicon of environmental descriptors.Environment and Behavior, 1970, 2, 153–169.
29.
KnoxR. E.DouglasR. L.Trivial incentives, marginal comprehension, and dubious generalizations from Prisioner's Dilemma studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1971, 20, 160–165.
30.
MagnussonD.EndlerN. S. (Eds.). Personality at the crossroads: Current issues in interactional psychology.Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum, 1977.
31.
McclellandD. C.Risk taking in children with high and low need for achievement. EnAtkinsonJ. W. (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action and society.Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand, 1958.
32.
McguireW. J.The yin and yang of progress in social psychology: Seven koan.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1973, 26, 446–456.
33.
McnemarQ.Psychological statistics (4th ed.). Nueva York: Wiley, 1969.
34.
MessickD. M.McclintockC. G.Motivational basis of choice in experimental games.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1968, 4, 1–25.
35.
MischelW.Theory and research on the antecedents of self-imposed delay of reward. EnMaherB. A. (Ed.), Progress in experimental personality research (Vol. 3). Nueva York: Academic Press, 1966.
36.
MischelW.Personality and assessment.Nueva York: Wiley, 1968.
37.
MischelW.Processes in delay of gratification. EnBerkowitzL. (Ed.) Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 7). Nueva York: Academic Press, 1974.
38.
MischelW.EbbesenE. B.Attention in delay of gratification.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1970, 16, 329–337.
39.
MischelW.EbbesenE. B.ZeissA.Cognitive and attentional mechanism in delay of gratification.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1972, 21, 204–218.
40.
MoosR. H.Conceptualizations of human environments.American Psychologist, 1973, 28, 652–665.
41.
MurrayH. A.Explorations in personality.Nueva York: Oxford, 1938.
42.
NemethC.A critical analysis of research utilizing the Prisoner's Dilemma paradigm for the study of bargaining. EnBerkowitzL. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 6) Nueva York: Academic Press, 1972.
43.
OrneM. T.HollandC. H.On the ecological validity of laboratory deceptions.International Journal of Psychiatry, 1968, 6, 282–293.
44.
PervinL. A.Definitions, measurements, and classifications of stimuli, situations, and environments.Human Ecology, 1978, 6, 71–105.
45.
PruittD. G.Reward structure and cooperation: The decomposed Prisioner's Dilemma Game.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1967, 7, 21–27.
46.
RingK.Experimental social psychology: Some sober questions about some frivolous values.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1967, 3, 113–123.
47.
RosenbergM.J.When dissonance fails: On eliminating evaluation apprehension from attitude measurement.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1965; 1, 18–42.
48.
RosenbergM. J.The conditions and consequences of evaluation apprehension. EnRosenthalR.RosnowR. W. (Eds.), Artifacts in behavioral research.Nueva York: Academic Press, 1969.
49.
RossL.The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. EnBerkowitzL. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10). Nueva York: Academic Press, 1977.
50.
TedeschiJ. T.SchlenkerB. R.BonomaT. V.Cognitive dissonance: Private ratiocination or public spectacle?American Psychologist, 1971, 26, 685–695.
51.
WainerH.Estimating coefficients in linear models: It don't make no nevermind.Psychological Bulletin, 1976, 83, 213–217.
52.
WainerH.On the sensitivity of regression and regressors.Psychological Bulletin, 1978, 85, 267–273.
