Se hace una revisión de las investigaciones cognitivas transculturales de las últimas décadas. De estos estudios se deriva una serie de problemas metodológicos que cuestionan la validez de sus resultados. En el plano teórico, por otra parte, ha prevalecido un enfoque de caja negra que no ha permitido desvelar los mecanismos de influencia de lo cultural sobre lo cognitivo. Se defiende un planteamiento nuevo, que se sitúa en la línea del enfoque sociocultural de la psicología soviética, que centra los análisis en los contextos culturales y que toma las nociones de actividad y zona de desarrollo próximo como herramientas conceptuales para el estudio de la relación entre cultura y procesos cognitivos.
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