El apego a los padres se desarrolla en la primera infancia sobre una base recíproca, manifestando el niño una conducta crecientemente selectiva respecto a las personas. Entre ellas pueden encontrarse tanto el padre del niño como la madre aunque éste pueda mostrar preferencia por uno u otro de los padres segúm su situación y también según su sexo. La responsividad parental tiene diversos efectos profundos sobre el desarrollo social del niño, en concreto sóbrela seguridad del apego, aunque se requiere mayor investigación para establecer la significación a largo plazo de los apegos conformados durante la primera infancia. La influencia parental sobre los niños mayores no se ha estudiado con la misma intensidad que en el periodo de la primera infancia. Se han examinado fundamentalmente en este período las influencias relativas al desarrollo de los roles sexuales, motivación de logro, desarrollo moral y ajuste psicológico, aún cuando los procesos a través de los que se ejercen tales influencias continúan siendo fuente de especulación.
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