La tesis central del presente artículo es que se puede adquirir una forma de bilingüismo beneficiosa, cognitiva y académicamente hablando, solamente a partir de un desarrollo adecuado de la habilidad en la primera lengua (L1). Se formulan y combinan dos hipótesis hasta llegar a esta conclusión. La hipótesis del «Desarrollo interdependiente» propone que el desarrollo de la competencia en una segunda lengua (L2) depende, en parte, del tipo de competencia desarrollada ya en la L1 en el momento en que empieza una exposición intensiva a la L2. La hipótesis del «Umbral» propone que existen niveles umbrales de competencia lingüística que el niño deberá alcanzar en ambas lenguas, lo cual evitará desventajas cognitivas y permitirá que los aspectos potencialmente beneficiosos del bilingüismo influyan en su funcionamiento cognitivo y académico. Estas hipótesis se insertan en un modelo de educación bilingüe en el que los resultados educativos se explican en función de la interacción entre medio ambiente, input del niño y factores del método educativo. Se sugiere que en muchas evaluaciones de programas de educación bilingüe no se han podido interpretar los datos porque en el diseño de investigación no se han incorporado estas posibles interacciones.
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