Hanahan, D., and Weinberg, R.A. (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Cell100(1), 57—70.
2.
Vivanco, I., and Sawyers, C.L. (2002). The phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase AKT pathway in human cancer. Nat Rev Cancer2(7), 489—501.
3.
Wendel, H.G. , et al., (2004). Survival signalling by Akt and eIF4E in oncogenesis and cancer therapyNature428(6980), 332—7.
4.
Lazaris-Karatzas, A., Montine, K.S., and Sonenberg , N. (1990). Malignant transformation by a eukaryotic initiation factor subunit that binds to mRNA 5' cap. Nature345(6275), 544—7.
5.
Polunovsky, V.A. , et al. (1996). Translational control of programmed cell death: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E blocks apoptosis in growth-factor-restricted fibroblasts with physiologically expressed or deregulated Myc. Mol Cell Biol16(11), 6573—81.
6.
Crackower, M.A. , Scherer, S.W., Rommens, J.M., Hui, C.-C., Poorkaj, P., Soder, S., Cobben, J.M., Hudgins, L., Evans, J.P., and Tsui, L.-C. (1996). Characterization of the split hand/split foot malformation locus SHFM1 at 7q21.3—q22.1 and analysis of a candidate gene for its expression during limb development. Hum Mol Genet5, 571—9.
7.
Zlotogora, J. (1994). On the inheritance of the split hand/split foot malformation. Am J Med Genet53, 29—32.
8.
Marston, N.J. , Richards, W.J., Hughes, D., Bertwistle, D., Marshall, C.J., and Ashworth , A. (1999). Interaction between the product of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2 and DSS1, a protein functionally conserved from yeast to mammals. Mol Cell Biol19, 4633—42.
9.
Yang, H., Jeffrey, P.D., Miller, J., Kinnucan, E., Sun, Y., Thoma, N.H., Zheng, N., Chen, P.L., Lee, W.H., and Pavletich, N.P. (2002). BRCA2 function in DNA binding and recombination from a BRCA2-DSS1-ssDNA structure. Science297, 1837—48.
10.
Warren, M., Smith, A., Partridge, N., Masabanda, J., Griffin, D., and Ashworth, A. (2002). Structural analysis of the chicken BRCA2 gene facilitates identification of functional domains and disease causing mutations . Hum Mol Genet11, 841.
11.
Szabo, C., Masiello, A., Ryan, J.F., and Brody L.C. (2000). The breast cancer information core: database design, structure, and scope. Hum Mutat16, 123.
12.
Kojic, M., Yang, H., Kostrub, C.F., Pavletich, N.P., and Holloman, W.K. (2003). The BRCA2-interacting protein DSS1 is vital for DNA repair, recombination, and genome stability in Ustilago maydis. Mol Cell12, 1043—49.
13.
Wei, S.-J., Trempus, C.S., Cannon, R.E., Botner, C.D., and Tennant, R.W. (2003). Identification of Dss1 as a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-responsive gene expressed in keratinocyte progenitor cells, with possible involvement in early skin tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem278, 1758— 68.
Jäntti, J., Lahdenranta, J., Olkkonen, V.M., Söderlund, H., and Keränen, S. (1999). SEM1, a homologue of the split hand/split foot malformation candidate gene Dss1, regulates exocytosis and pseudohyphal differentiation in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 96, 909—14.
16.
Nishizuka, Y. (1984). The role of protein kinase C in cell surface signal transduction and tumor promotion. Nature308, 693— 98.
17.
Steeg, P.S. (2004). Perspectives on classic article: metastasis suppressor genes. J Natl Cancer Inst96(6), E4.
18.
Dong, J.T., Lamb, P.W., Rinker-Schaeffer, C.W., Vukanovic, J., Ichikawa, T., Isaacs, J.T., and Barrett, J.C. (1995). KAI1, a metastasis suppressor gene for prostate cancer on human chromosome 11p11.2. Science268(5212), 884—6.
19.
Liu, F.S. , Dong, J.T., Chen, J.T., Hsieh, Y.T., Ho, E.S., and Hung, M.J. (2000). Frequent down-regulation and lack of mutation of the KAI1 metastasis suppressor gene in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol78(1), 10—5.
20.
Lozano, E., Betson, M., and Braga, V.M. (2003). Tumor progression: small GTPases and loss of cell-cell adhesion. Bioessays25(5), 452—63.
21.
Marcoux, N., and Vuori, K. (2003). EGF receptor mediates adhesion-dependent activation of the Rac GTPase: a role for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Vav2. Oncogene22(38), 6100—6.
22.
Schiff, P.B. , and Horwitz, S.B. (1980). Taxol stabilizes microtubules in mouse fibroblast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA77, 1561—65.
23.
Horwitz, S.B. (1992). Mechanism of action of Taxol. Trends Pharmacol Sci13, 134—6.
24.
Yvon, A.M., Wadsworth, P., and Jordan, M.A. (1999). Taxol suppresses dynamics of individual microtubules in living human tumor cells. Mol Biol Cell10, 947—59.
25.
Jordan, M.A., Toso, R.J., Thrower, D., and Wilson, L. (1993). Mechanism of mitotic block and inhibition of cell proliferation by Taxol at low concentrations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA90, 9552—6.
26.
Woods, C.M., Zhu, J., McQueney, P.A., Bollag, D., and Lazarides, E. (1995). Taxol-induced mitotic block triggers rapid onset of a p53-independent apoptotic pathway. Mo Med1, 506—26.
27.
Torres, K., and Horwitz, S.B. (1998). Mechanism of Taxol-induced cell death are concentration dependent. Cancer Res58, 3620—6.
28.
Blagosklonny, M.V., and Fojo, T. (1999). Molecular effects of paclitaxel: myths and realty (a critical review). Int. J. Cancer83, 151—6.
29.
Wynder, E.L. , and Graham, E.A. (1950). Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchogenic carcinoma: a study of six hundred and eighty-four proved cases. JAMA143, 329—36.
30.
Stayner, L.T. , and Wegman, D.H. (1983). Smoking, occupation, and histopathology of lung cancer: a case-control study with the use of the Third National Cancer Survey. J Natl Cancer Inst70, 421—6.
31.
Auerbach, O. , Forman, J.B., Gere, J.B., Kassouny, D.Y., Muehsam, G.E., Petrick, T.G., Smolin, H.J., and Stout, A.P. (1957). Changes in the bronchial epithelium in relation to smoking and cancer of the lung; a report of progress . N Engl J Med256(3), 97—104.
32.
Hetch, S.S. (1999). Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst91(14), 1194—1210.
33.
Denissenko, M.F., Pao, A., Tang, M., and Pfeifer, G.P. (1996). Preferential Formation of Benzo[a]pyrene adducts at lung cancer mutational hotspots in p53. Science274(5286), 430.
34.
Hussain, S.P. , Amstad, P., Raja, K., Sawyer, M., Hofseth, L., Shields, P.G., Hewer, A., Phillips, D.H., Ryberg, D., Haugen, A., and Harris, C.C. (2001). Mutability of p53 hotspot codons to benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) and the frequency of p53 mutations in nontumorous human lung. Cancer Res61(17) 6350—5.
35.
Coller, A.H. , Khrapko, K., Torres, A., Frampton, M.W., Utell, M.J., and Thilly, W.G. (1998). Mutational spectra of a 100-base pair mitochondrial DNA target sequence in bronchial epithelial cells: a comparison of smoking and nonsmoking twins. Cancer Res58, 1268—77.
36.
Cha, R.S. , Zarbl, H., Keohavong, P., and Thilly, W.G. (1992). Mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA): application to the c-H-ras gene. PCR Methods Appl2(1), 14—20.
37.
Kure, E.H., Ryberg, D., Hewer, A., Phillips, D.H., Skaug, V., Baera, R., and Haugen, A. (1996). p53 mutations in lung tumours: relationship to gender and lung DNA adduct levels. Carcinogenesis17(10), 2201—5.
38.
Ciminale, V. , Pavlakis, G.N., Derse, D., Cunningham, C.P., and Felber, B.K. (1992). Complex splicing in the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) family of retroviruses: novel mRNAs and proteins produced by HTLV type I. J Virol66, 1737—45.
39.
Koralnik, I.J. , Fullen, J., and Franchini, G. (1993). The p12I, p13II, and p30II proteins encoded by human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I open reading frames I and II are localized in three different cellular compartments . J Virol67, 2360—66.
40.
Mortreux, F. , Gabet, A.S., and Wattel, E. (2003). Molecular and cellular aspects of HTLV-1 associated leukemogenesis in vivo. Leukemia17, 26—38,
41.
Nicot, C. et al. (2004) HTLV-1-encoded p30(II) is a post-transcriptional negative regulator of viral replication. Nat Med.
42.
Robek, M.D., Wong, F.H., and Ratner, L. (1998). Human T-Cell leukemia virus type 1 pX-I and pX-II open reading frames are dispensable for the immortalization of primary lymphocytes . J Virol72, 4458—62.
43.
Uchiyama, T. (1997). Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and human diseases. [Review] [134 refs]. Annual Review ofImmunology15,15— 37, 15—37.
44.
Zhang, W. et al. (2001). Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 p30(II) regulates gene transcription by binding CREB binding protein/p300. J Virol75, 9885— 95.
45.
Zhang, W., Nisbet, J.W., Bartoe, J.T., Ding, W., and Lairmore, M.D. (2000). Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 p30(II) functions as a transcription factor and differentially modulates CREB-responsive promoters . J Virol74, 11270—7.
46.
Hickson, I.D. (2003). RecQ helicases: caretakers of the genome. Nat Rev Cancer3, 169—78.
47.
Sengupta, S. , Linke, S.P., Pedeux, P., et al. (2003). BLM helicase-dependent transport of p53 to sites of stalled DNA replication forks modulates homologous recombination. Embo J22, 1210— 22.
48.
Davies, S.L. , North, P.S., Dart, A., et al. (2004). Phosphorylation of the Bloom's syndrome helicase and its role in recovery from S-phase arrest . Mol Cell Biol24, 1279—91.
Bartek, J., and Lukas, J. (2003). Chk1 and Chk2 kinases in checkpoint control and cancer. Cancer Cell3, 421—9.
51.
American Cancer Society.Cancer Facts and Figures. 2003.
52.
Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. (1998). Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet351, 1451—67.
53.
Assikis, V.J. , Neven, P., Jordan, V.C., and Vergote, I.A. (1996). realistic clinical perspective of tamoxifen and endometrial carcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer32A, 1464—76.
54.
Pyrhonen, S. , Ellmen, J., Vuorinen, J., Gershanovich, M., Tominaga, T., Kaufmann, M., and Hayes, D.F. (1999). Meta-analysis of trials comparing toremifene with tamoxifen and factors predicting outcome of antiestrogen therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat56, 133—43.
55.
Coller, J.K. (2003). Oxidative metabolism of tamoxifen to Z-4-hydroxy-tamoxifen by cytochrome P450 isoforms: an appraisal of in vitro studies. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol30, 845—8.
56.
Hu, Y., Dehal, S.S., Hynd, G., Jones, G.B., and Kupfer, D. (2003). CYP2D6-mediated catalysis of tamoxifen aromatic hydroxylation with an NIH shift: similar hydroxylation mechanism in chicken, rat and human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica33, 141—51.
57.
Boocock, D.J. , Brown, K., Gibbs, A.H., Sanchez, E., Turteltaub, K.W., and White, I.N. (2002). Identification of human CYP forms involved in the activation of tamoxifen and irreversible binding to DNA. Carcinogenesis23, 1897—901.
58.
Crewe, H.K., Notley, L.M., Wunsch, R.M., Lennard, M.S., and Gillam, E.M. (2002). Metabolism of tamoxifen by recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes: formation of the 4-hydroxy, 4'-hydroxy and N-desmethyl metabolites and isomerization of trans-4-hydroxytamoxifen. Drug Metab Dispos30, 869—74.
59.
Nishiyama, T. , Ogura, K., Nakano, H., Ohnuma, T., Kaku, T., Hiratsuka, A., Muro, K., and Watabe, T. (2002). Reverse geometrical selectivity in glucuronidation and sulfation of cis- and trans-4-hydroxytamoxifens by human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases. Biochem Pharmacol63, 1817—30.
60.
Nowell, S., Sweeney, C., Winters, M., Stone, A., Lang, N.P., Hutchins, L.F., Kadlubar, F.F., and Ambrosone, C.B. (2002). Association between sulfotransferase 1A1 genotype and survival of breast cancer patients receiving tamoxifen therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst94, 1635—40.
61.
Roth, R.B., and Samson, L.D. (2000). Gene transfer to suppress bone marrow alkylation sensitivity. Mutat Res462(2—3), 107—20.
62.
Friedberg, E.C., Walker, G.C., and Siede, W. (1995). DNA Repair and Mutagenesis. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press. 698.
63.
Begley, T.J. , and Samson, L.D. (2003). AlkB mystery solved: oxidative demethylation of N1-methyladenine and N3-methylcytosine adducts by a direct reversal mechanism. Trends Biochem Sci28(1), 2—5.
64.
Engelward, B.P. , et al. (1997). Base excision repair deficient mice lacking the Aag alkyladenine DNA glycosylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA94(24), 13087—92.
65.
Glassner, B.J. , et al. (1999). DNA repair methyltransferase (Mgmt) knockout mice are sensitive to the lethal effects of chemotherapeutic alkylating agents. Mutagenesis14(3), 339—47.
66.
Sakumi, K., et al. (1997). Methylnitrosourea-induced tumorigenesis in MGMT gene knockout mice. Cancer Res57(12), p. 2415—8.
67.
Jelinsky, S.A. , and Samson, L.D. (1999). Global response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to an alkylating agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA96(4), 1486—91.
68.
Jelinsky, S.A. , et al. (2000). Regulatory networks revealed by transcriptional profiling of damaged Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells: Rpn4 links base excision repair with proteasomes. Mol Cell Biol20(21), 8157—67.
69.
Baptiste, N. , and Prives, C. (2004). p53 in the cytoplasm: a question of overkill?Cell116, 487—9.
70.
Butkiewicz, D. , Rusin, M., Enewold, L., Shields, P.G., Chorazy, M., and Harris, C.C. (2001). Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and risk of lung cancer. Carcinogenesis22, 593—7.
71.
Dumont, P., Leu, J.I., Pietra, A.C.D., George, D.L., and Murphy, M. (2003). The codon 72 polymorphic variants of p53 have markedly different apoptotic potential. Nat Genet33, 357—65.
72.
Fan, R., Wu, M., Miller, D., Wain, J.C., Kelsey, K.T., Wiencke, J.K., and Christiani, D.C. (2000). Thep53 codon 72 polymorphism and lung caner risk. CEBP9, 1037—42.
73.
Greenblatt, M.S. , Bennett, W.P., Hollstein, M., and Harris, C.C. (1994). Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis . Cancer Res54, 4855—78.
74.
Haugen, A. (2002). Women who smoke: are women more susceptible to tobacco-induced lung cancer? Carcinogenesis23, 227—9.
75.
Liu, G., Miller, D.P., Zhou, W., Thurston, S.W., Fan, R., Xu, L., Lynch, T.J., Wain, J., Su, L., and Christiani, D.C. (2001). Differential association of the codon 72 p53 and GSTM1 polymorphisms on histological subtype of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Res61, 8718—22.
76.
Matullo, G., Palli, D., Peluso, M., Guarrera, S., Carturan, S., Celentano, E., Krogh, V., Munnia, A., Tumino, R., Polidoro, S., Piazza, A., and Vineis, P. (2001). XRCC1, XRCC3, XPD gene polymorphisms, smoking and (32)P-DNA adducts in a sample of healthy subjects. Carcinogenesis22, 1437— 45.
77.
Mollerup, S. , Ryberg, D., Hewer, A., Phillips, D.H., and Haugen, A. (1999). Sex differences in lung CYP1A1 expression and DNA adduct levels among lung cancer patients. Cancer Res59, 3317—20.
78.
Pfeifer, G.P. , and Hainaut, P. (2003). On the origin of G → T transversions in lung cancer. Mut Res526, 39—43.
79.
Siegfried, J.M. (2001). Women and lung cancer: does oestrogen play a role? Lancet Oncol2, 506—13.
80.
Spitz, M.R. , Wu, X., Wang, Y., Wang, L.E., Shete, S., Amos, C.I., Guo, Z., Lei, L., Mohrenweiser, H., and Wei, Q. (2001). Modulation of nucleotide excision repair capacity by XPD polymorphisms in lung cancer patients. Cancer Res61, 1354—7.
81.
Stewart, J.H. (2001). Lung carcinoma in African Americans. Cancer91, 2476—82.
Wang, X.W., Vermeulen, W., Coursen, J.D., Gibson, M., Lupold, S.E., Forrester, K., Xu, G., Elmore, L., Yeh, H., Hoeijmakers, J.H., and Harris, C.C. (1996) The XPB and XPD DNA helicases are components of the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway. Genes Dev10, 1219—32.
84.
Weston, A., Caporaso, N.E., Perrin, L.S., Sugimura, H., Tamai, S., Krontiris, T.G., Trump, B.F., Hoover, R.N., and Harris, C.C. (1992). Relationship of H-ras-1, L-myc, and p53 polymorphisms with lung cancer risk and prognosis. Environ Health Perspect98, 61—7.
85.
Weston, A., Perrin, L.S., Forrester, K., Hoover, R.N., Trump, B.F., Harris, C.C., and Caporaso, N.E. (1992). Allelic frequency of a p53 polymorphism in human lung cancer. CEBP1, 481—3.
86.
Zhou, W., Liu, G., Miller, D.P., Thurston, S.W., Xu, L.L., Wain, J., Lynch, T.J., Su, L., and Christiani, D.C. (2003). Polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes XRCC1 and ERCC2, smoking and lung cancer risk. CEBP12, 359—65.
87.
Dillard, A., Leland, J., Wilder, E., and Lane, M.A. (2003). Retinol inhibits the growth of retinoic acid-resistant colon cancer cells via a retinoic acid independent mechanism. FASEB J17, A1198 (Abstract).
88.
Easwaran, V. , Pishvaian, M., Byers, S., and Byers, S. (1999). Cross-regulation of beta-catenin-LEF/TCF and retinoid signaling pathways. Current Biology9, 1415—8.
89.
Lane, M.A., Chen, A., Roman, S., Derguini, F.L., and Gudas, L.G. (1999). Removal of LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor) results in increased vitamin A (retinol) metabolism to 4-oxoretinol in embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci96, 13524—9.
90.
Lee, M.O. , Han, S.Y., Jiang, S., Park, J.H., and Kim, S.J. (2000). Differential effects of retinoic acid on growth and apoptosis in human colon cancer cell lines associate with induction of retinoic acid receptor b□□□. Biochem Pharm59, 485—96.
91.
Sonneveld, E. , van den Brink, C.D., van der Leede , B.M., Schulkes, R., Petkovich, M., van der Burg, B., and van der Saag, P.T. (1998). Human retinoic acid (RA) 4-hydroxylase (cyp26) is highly specific for all-transra and can be induced through RA receptors in human breast and colon carcinoma cells. Cell Growth Differ9629—37.
92.
Xiao, J.-H., Ghosn, C., Hinchman, C., Forbes, C., Wang, J., Snider, N., Cordrey, A., Zhao, Y., and Chandraratna, R.A.S. (2003) Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)-independent regulation of beta-catenin degradation via a retinoid X receptor-mediated pathway. Jrnl Biol Chem278, 29954—62.
93.
Pahlavani, M.A. (2000). Calorie restriction and immunosenescence: a current perspective. Front Biosci5, D580—D7.
94.
Bachmaier, K. , Krawczyk, C., Kozieradzki, I., et al. (2000). Negative regulation of lymphocyte activation and autoimmunity by the molecular adaptor Cbl-b. Nature403, 211—16.
95.
Naramura, M. , Kole, H.K., Hu, R.J., et al. (1998). Altered thymic positive selection and intracellular signals in Cbl-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA95, 15547—52.
96.
Herlyn, M. (1993). Molecular and cellular biology for melanoma. Medical Intelligence Unit, Landes RG, Austin, 107.
97.
Black, J. (1999). Malignant melanoma: an update on treatments. Plastic Surgical Nursing19, 143—7.
98.
Gray, R.J., Pockaj, B.A., and Kirkwood, J.M. (2002). An update of adjuvant interferon for melanoma . Cancer Control9, 16—21.
99.
DelPrete, S.A. , Maurer, L.H., and O'Donnell , J. (1984). Cancer Treat. Report68, 1403—5.
100.
Johnson, R.O. , Bisel, H., Andrews, N., Wilson, W., Rochlin, D., Segaloff, A., Krementz, E., Aust, J., and Ansfield, F. (1966). Cancer Chemother Rep50, 671—3.
Barthold, S.W. , and Jonas, A.M. (1977). Morphogenesis of early 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced lesions and latent period reduction of colon carcinogenesis in mice by a variant of Citrobacter freundii. Cancer Res37, 4352—60.
103.
Hennings, H. , Glick, A.B., Lowry, D.T., Krsmanovic, L.S., Sly, L.M., and Yuspa, S.H. (1993). FVB/N mice: an inbred strain sensitive to the chemical induction of squamous cell carcinomas in the skin. Carcinogenesis14, 2353— 8.
104.
Nambiar, P.R. , Girnun, G., Lillo, N.A., Guda, K., Whiteley, H.E., and Rosenberg , D.W. (2003). Preliminary analysis of azoxymethane induced colon tumors in inbred mice commonly used as transgenic/knockout progenitors. Int J Oncol22, 145—50.