In this longitudinal study, 122 Swedish children were followed from an initial
assessment at 16 months until they were 8.5 years of age. Parental ratings of field
independence, ego-resilience, and ego-control were obtained using the California
Child Q-set when the children averaged 28, 40, 80, and 101 months of age. These
assessments of personality were then examined in the context of contrasting child
care experiences. There was virtually no difference between the developmental
trajectories of the children in home care and in centre-based day care. In contrast,
ego-undercontrol decreased less, whereas ego-resilience and field independence
increased less, in children who attended family day care than in the children in
either centre care or exclusive parental care. The quality of home and out-of-home
care, as well as socioeconomic status and family background, did not moderate or
qualify these effects of the type of care experienced. The results are discussed in
relation to previous work on the effects of early out-of-home care on child development.
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