Links between both temperament and parenting, and children's sociable and aggressive
behaviour with peers (physical and relational), were examined. The research was
undertaken in two Western cultures (the United States and Australia) assumed to be
similar in socialisation practices and emphases. The moderating effects of parent
sex and child sex were also examined. Parents completed questionnaires on parenting
styles and child temperament. Preschool teachers rated children's aggressive and
sociable behaviour. US children were rated higher on both types of aggression by
teachers and on sociability, activity, and emotionally by parents. Girls were rated
as more relationally aggressive and more prosocial than boys, with boys higher on
physical aggression. Mothers were more authoritative, with fathers more
authoritarian, although the latter was mainly a result obtained from US parents. In
both the United States and Australia, temperament consistently predicted child
sociable and aggressive behaviours, with some evidence of fathers' authoritarian
parenting also contributing. The results show the relevance for parenting and child
development of gender, and the importance of culture differences even between two
Western and individualist countries.
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