In England, the use of targeted training and employment initiatives directed at particular localities, particular sectors of the local economy or particular social groups characterised both mainstream urban regeneration initiatives of the early and mid-1990s, such as Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs), and special urban regeneration initiatives, such as City Challenge and the Single Regeneration Budget Challenge Fund (SRBCF). This paper focuses specifically on business support for ethnic minority groups in City Challenge areas.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Aldrich, H.E., Cater, J.C., Jones, T.P. and McEvoy, D. (1981) Business development and self-segregation in three British cities, in: C. Peach, V. Robinson and S. Smith (Eds) Ethnic Segregation in Cities, pp. 170-192. London : Croom Helm.
2.
Atkinson, R. and Moon, G. (1994) The City Challenge Initiative: an overview and preliminary assessment, Regional Studies, 28, pp. 94-97.
3.
Bailey, N. (1993) Partnerships in regeneration: picking partners for the 1990s, Town and Country Planning, June, pp. 136-138.
4.
Barrett, G.A., Jones, T.P. and McEvoy, D. (1996) Ethnic minority business: theoretical discourse in Britain and North America, Urban Studies, 33, pp. 783-809.
5.
Beecham, J. (1993) City Challenge: a sceptical view, Policy Studies, 14(2), pp. 14-20.
6.
Boddy, M. (1995) TECs and Racial Equality: training, work experience and minority ethnics. Bristol: SAUS.
7.
Boissevain, J., Blaschke, J., Grotenbreg, H. ET AL. (1990) Ethnic entrepreneurs and ethnic strategies , in: R. Waldinger, H. Aldrich, R. Ward ET AL. (Eds) Ethnic Entrepreneurs: Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies, pp. 131-156. London: Sage.
8.
Bryson, J.R. (1997) Small and medium-sized enterprises, Business Link and the new knowledge workers, Policy Studies, 18(1), pp. 67-80.
9.
Burton, P. (1997) Urban policy and the myth of progress, Policy and Politics, 25, pp. 421-436.
10.
Cullingworth, J.B. and Nadin, V. (1997) Town and Country Planning in the UK, 12th Edn. London: Routledge .
11.
Curran, J. and Blackburn, R.A. (1993) Ethnic enterprise and the high street bank. ESRC Centre for Research on Small Service Sector Enterprises, Kingston Business School, Kingston University.
12.
Deakins, D. and Ram, M. (1995) African-Caribbean entrepreneurship in Britain. Business School, University of Central England, Birmingham .
13.
Deakins, D., Hussain, D. and Ram, M. (1995) Ethnic entrepreneurs and commercial banks: untapped potential, Regional Studies, 29(1), pp. 95-100.
14.
Department Of The Environment (1977) White Paper: Policies for the Inner Cities. London : HMSO.
15.
Department Of The Environment (1992) City Challenge Bidding Guidance 1993-94. London : DoE.
16.
Department Of The Environment (1995) Bidding Guidance: A Guide to Bidding for Resources from the Governments Single Regeneration Budget. London: DoE .
17.
Department Of Trade and Industry (1991) An Evaluation of the Governments Inner Cities Task Force Initiative: Volume 1: Main Report. prepared by PA Cambridge Economic Consultants for the DTI . London: HMSO.
18.
Ethnic Minority Business Initiative (1991) Assisting Ethnic Minority Businesses: Good Practice Guidelines for Local Enterprise Agencies. London: HMSO.
19.
Geoff Fordham Associates/Planning Exchange ( 1994) City Challenge: local wealth creation through business development. Report prepared for the DoE.
20.
Harrison, M. (1989) The Urban programme, monitoring and ethnic minorities , Local Government Studies, 15(4), pp. 49-64.
21.
Imrie, R. and Thomas, H. (Eds) (1993) British Urban Policy and the Urban Development Corporations. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.
22.
Jones, T. (1993) Britains Ethnic Minorities: An analysis of the Labour Force Survey. London: Policy Studies Institute.
23.
Jones, T., McEvoy, D. and Barrett, G. (1992) Small Business Initiative: Ethnic Minority Business Component. Swindon: ESRC.
24.
Lawless, P. (1991) Urban policy in the Thatcher decade: English inner-city policy, 1979-1990, Environment and Planning C, 9, pp. 15-30.
25.
Mabbott, J. (1993) City Challenge: the role of community involvement , Policy Studies, 14(2), pp. 26-35.
26.
McFarlane, R. (1993) Community Involvement in City Challenge: A Policy Report/Good Practice Guide. London: Nvco.
27.
Munt, I. (1991) Race, urban policy, and urban problems: a critique on current UK practice, UrbanStudies, 28, pp. 183-203.
28.
Parkinson, M. (1989) The Thatcher government's urban policy, 1979-1989: a review, Town Planning Review, 60, pp. 421-440.
29.
Parkinson, M. (1993) City Challenge: a new strategy for Britain's cities , Policy Studies, 14(2), pp. 5-13.
30.
Phizacklea, A. (1984) A sociology of migration or race relations? a view from Britain, Current Sociology, 32, pp. 206-218.
31.
Ram, M. ( 1994) Managing to Survive: Working Lives of Small Firms . Oxford: Blackwell Business.
32.
Ram, M. and Hillin, G. (1994) Achieving break-out: developing mainstream ethnic minority business, Small Business and Enterprise Development , 1(2), pp. 15-21.
33.
Ram, M. and Sparrow, J. (1993) Minority firms, racism and economic development , Local Economy, 8, pp. 117-129.
34.
Ratcliffe, P. (1992) Renewal, regeneration and race: issues in urban policy, New Community, 18, pp. 387-400.
35.
Robson, B., Bradford, M., Deas, I. ET AL. (1994) Assessing The impact of Urban Policy. Inner City Research Programme. London: HMSO.
36.
Russell, H., Dawson, J., Garside, P. and Parkinson, M. (1996) City Challenge: Interim National Evaluation. London: HMSO.
37.
Solesbury, W. (1990) Property development and urban regeneration, in: P. Healey, and P. Nabarro (Eds) Land and Property Development in a Changing Context, pp.86-195. Aldershot: Gower .
38.
Turok, I. (1992) Property-led urban regeneration: panacea or placebo? , Environment and Planning A, 24, pp. 361-379.
39.
Victor Hausner & Associates (1993) Economic Revitalisation of the Inner Cities: The Urban Programme and Ethnic Minorities. Inner City Research Programme. London: HMSO.
40.
Waldinger, R., Aldrich, H. and Ward, R. (1990) Opportunities, group characteristics, and strategies , in: R. Waldinger, H. Aldrich, R. Ward ET Al. (Eds) Ethnic Entrepreneurs: Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies, pp. 13-48. London: Sage.
41.
Ward, R. and Jenkins, R. (1984) Strategies for Economic Survival: Ethnic Minorities in Business. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
42.
Ward, R. and Reeves, F. (1980) West Indians in Business in Britain. Home Office Affairs Committee. London: HMSO .
43.
Werbner, P. (1985) The organisation of giving and ethnic elites: voluntary associations amongst Manchester Pakistanis, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 8, pp. 368-388.
