The increasing spatial concentration of the disadvantaged has resulted in the isolation of many individuals and households from mainstream social and economic activities. This paper is concerned with the exclusion of these individuals from the labour market. This in turn constitutes a considerable barrier to the ability of individuals and households to access services, facilities and networks in the wider economy and society. Recognising the impact of wider macroeconomic forces, the paper reviews and assesses policies aimed to address this problem at the neighbourhood level. Programmes considered include the creation of employment opportunities within disadvantaged neighbourhoods and those which aim to build links between these areas and the wider labour market. The potential contribution of housing programmes and expenditure is assessed. The complex nature of the problem is highlighted leading to an emphasis on the need for multi-sectoral solutions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Barclay, P. (1995) Inquiry into Income and Wealth: Volume 1. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
2.
Ceri (1992) Schools and Business: A New Partnership. Paris: OECD.
3.
Commission Of The European Communities (1992 ) ERGO Programme Phase One. Brussels: CEC.
4.
Commission Of The European Communities (1993 ) Towards a Europe of solidarity: combating social exclusion , Social Europe, Supplement 4/93, pp. 3-27.
5.
Commission On Social Justice (1994) Strategies for National Renewal. London: Vintage.
6.
Dilnot, A. (1992) Social security and labour market policy, in: E. McLaughlin (Ed.) Understanding Unemployment: New Perspectives on Active Labour Market Policies. London: Routledge.
7.
Donnison, D. and Middleton, A. (Eds) (1987) Regenerating the Inner City . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul .
8.
Fordham, G. (1995) Made to Last: Creating Sustainable Neighbourhood and Estate Regeneration. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
9.
Gershuny, J. (1993) The psychological consequences of unemployment: an assessment of the Jahoda thesis, in: D. Gallie, C. Marsh and C. Vogler (Eds) Social Change and the Experience of Unemployment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10.
Goetz, E. (1988) Office-housing linkage programmes: a review of the issues, Economic Development Quarterly, 2(2), pp. 182-196.
11.
Green, A. (1994) The geography of poverty and wealth. Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick .
12.
Harrison, B. (1972) Education, Training and the UrbanGhetto. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
13.
Hastings, A. (1996) Unravelling the process of 'partnership' in urban regeneration policy, Urban Studies (forthcoming).
14.
Hayton, K. (1990) Getting People into Jobs. London : HMSO.
15.
Hills, J. (1995) Inquiry into Incomes and Wealth: Volume 2. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
16.
Mcgregor, A. (1990) Local employment and training initiatives. Research Report No. 15, Scottish Homes, Edinburgh.
17.
McGregor, A. (1993) Housing expenditure and neighbourhood economic development, Local Economy, 7(4), pp. 293-306.
18.
McGregor, A. and Fitzpatrick, I. (1995) The impact of urban regeneration partnerships on unemployment, Scottish Economic Bulletin (forthcoming).
19.
McGregor, A. and Fletcher, R. (1994) Generating enterprise and employment in disadvantaged urban areas, in: J. Atkinson and D. Storey (Eds) Employment, the Small Firm and the Labour Market. London: Routledge.
20.
McGregor, A. and Maclennan, D. (1992) A review and critical evaluation of strategic approaches to urban regeneration. Research Report No. 22, Scottish Homes, Edinburgh.
21.
McGregor, A. and Mather, F. (1986) Developments in Glasgow's labour market, in: W. Lever and C. Moore (Eds) The City in Transition: Policies and Agencies for the Regeneration of Clydeside. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
22.
Mcgregor, A. et al. (1992a) Community participation in areas of urban regeneration. Research Report No. 23, Scottish Homes, Edinburgh.
23.
Mcgregor, A. et al. (1992b). The economics of peripheral estates. Research Paper No. 4, Training and Employment Research Unit, University of Glasgow.
24.
Mcgregor, A. et al. (1995a) Building Futures: Can Local Employment be Created from Housing Expenditure?Bristol: SAUS Publications.
25.
Mcgregor, A. et al. (1995b) Interim Evaluation of Wester Hailes Partnership . Edinburgh: Scottish Office.
26.
Marcuse, P. (1993) What's so new about divided cities?, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 17(3), pp. 355-365.
27.
Metcalf, D. and Richardson, R. (1976) Unemployment in London, in: G. Worswick (Ed.) The Concept and Measurement of Involuntary Unemployment. London: Allen and Unwin.
28.
Pieda (1994) Private Sector Involvement in the Urban Partnerships. Edinburgh: Scottish Office Industry Department.
29.
Porter, M. (1994) The competitive advantage of the inner city. Discussion Paper No. 6/22/94a, Harvard Business School.
30.
Roth, U. (1993) Large housing estates as disadvantaged quarters combining social and structural measures for improving the living conditions of their inhabitants. OECD/European Foundation Conference on Partnerships for People in Cities, Dublin , October.
31.
Scottish Office (1995) Programme for Partnership. Edinburgh: Scottish Office.
32.
Silver, H. (1993) National conceptions of the new urban poverty, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 17(3), pp. 336-354.
33.
Turok, I. (1992) Developing skills, securing jobs? Evaluating an integrated local employment initiative, Regional Studies, 26(2), pp. 199-207.
34.
Turok, I. and Wannop, U. (1990) Targeting Urban Employment Initiatives. London: HMSO.
35.
Warr, P. (1985) Twelve questions about unemployment and health , in: B. Roberts, R. Finnegan and D. Gallie (Eds) New Approaches to Economic Life. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
36.
Webster, D. (1994) Home and Workplace in the Glasgow Conurbation. Glasgow: GlasgowCity Council .
