This paper examines the spatial pattern of worker residences with three different density functions: monocentric, polycentric and dispersive. Analysis of the 1980 journey-to-work census data for the Los Angeles region reveals that the polycentric density function statistically explains the actual distribution better than the monocentric density function, but the dispersive density function fits best. These findings confirm a polycentric spatial pattern, and also imply that overall accessibility to employment opportunities is the primary determinant of residential location choices.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Brigham, E.F. (1965) The determinants of residential land values, Land Economics, 41, pp. 325-334.
2.
Cervero, R. (1989) America's Suburban Centres: The Land Use-Transportation Link. Boston: Unwin Hyman.
3.
Dalvi, M.Q. and Martin, K.M. (1976) The measurement of accessibility: some preliminary results, Transportation, 5, pp. 17-42.
4.
Fomby, T., Hill, C. and Johnson, S. (1984) Advanced Econometric Methods, New York: Springer-Verlag.
5.
Frankena, M.W. (1978) A bias in estimating urban population density functions , Journal of Urban Economics, 5, pp. 35-45.
6.
Gallant, A.R. (1975) Nonlinear regression, The American Statistician, 29, pp. 73-81.
7.
Giuliano, G. and Small, K.A. (1991) Subcentres in the Los Angeles region, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 21, pp. 163-182.
8.
Gordon, P., Richardson, H.W. and Wong, H.L. (1986) The distribution of population and employment in a polycentric city: the case of Los Angeles, Environment and Planning A, 18, pp. 161-173.
9.
Greene, D.L. and Barnbrock, J. (1978) A note on problem in estimating exponential urban density models, Journal of Urban Economics, 5, pp. 285-290.
10.
Greene, W.H. (1990) Econometric Analysis. New York : MacMillan Publishing Co.
11.
Griffith, D.A. (1981) Modelling urban population density in a multi-centred city, Journal of Urban Economics, 9, pp. 298-310.
12.
Hansen, W.G. (1959) How accessibility shapes land use, Journal of American Institute of Planners, 3, pp. 73-76.
13.
Heikkila, E. (1988) Multicollinearity in regression models with multiple distance measures, Journal of Regional Science, 28, pp. 345-362.
14.
Heikkila, E., et al. (1989) What happened to the CBD-distance gradient?: land values in a polycentric city, Environment and Planning A, 21, pp. 221-232.
15.
Ihlanfeldt, K.R. and Raper, M.D. (1990) The intrametropolitan location of new firms, Land Economics, 66, pp. 182-198.
16.
Ingram, D.R. (1971) The concept of accessibility: a search for an operational form, Regional Studies, 5, pp. 101-107.
17.
McDonald, J.F. (1987) The identification of urban employment subcentres , Journal of Urban Economics, 21, pp. 242-258.
18.
McDonald, J.F. (1989) Econometric studies of urban population density: a survey, Journal of Urban Economics, 26, pp. 361-385.
19.
McDonald, J.F. and Bowman, H.W. (1976) Some tests of alternative urban population density functions, Journal of Urban Economics, 3, pp. 242-252.
20.
McDonald, J.F. and Prather, P. (1994) Suburban employment centres: the case of Chicago , Urban Studies, 31, pp. 201-218.
21.
Mills, E.S. (1972) Studies in the Structure of the Urban Economy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
22.
Mills, E.S. and Hamilton, B.W. (1989) Urban Economics. Glenview: Scott Foresman & Co.
23.
Muth, R.F. (1969) Cities and Housing. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
24.
Muth, R.F. (1985) Models of land-use, housing, and rent: an evaluation , Journal of Regional Science, 25, pp. 593-606.
25.
Odland, J. (1978) The conditions for multi-centred cities, Economic Geography, 54, pp. 234-245.
26.
Papageorgiou, Y.Y. and Pines, D. (1989) The exponential density function: first principles, comparative static, and empirical evidence, Journal of Urban Economics, 26, pp. 264-268.
27.
Sasaki, K. (1990) The establishment of a subcentre and urban spatial structure, Environment and Planning A, 22, pp. 369-383.
28.
Small, K.A. and Song, S. (1993) Population and employment densities: structure and change. Journal of Urban Economics, in press.
29.
Stegman, M.A. (1967) Accessibility models and residential location, Journal of American Institute of Planners, 35, pp. 22-29.
30.
Straszheim, M.R. (1974) Econometric issues in interpreting Mills' estimates of urban density gradients, Journal of Urban Economics, 1, pp. 445-448.
31.
Vuong, Q.H. (1989) Likelihood ratio tests for model selection and non-nested hypotheses, Econometrica, 57, pp. 307-333.
32.
White, M.J. (1976) Firm suburbanization and urban subcentres, Journal of Urban Economics, 3, pp. 323-343.