In Britain as in North America, the effects of crime extend beyond the limited experiences of victims. Yet, policies seeking to allay fear are rarely those expedient to discourage offenders. The debilitating consequences of crime for the quality of inner city life might therefore be alleviated by the initiatives of urban managers other than those formally assigned to crime control and law enforcement.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Baumer, T.L. (1978). Research on fear of crime in the United States . Victimology3: 254-267.
2.
Biderman, A.D., Johnson, L.A., Macintyre, J. and Weir, A.W. (1967). Report on a pilot study in the district of Columbia on victimisation and attitudes toward law enforcement. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, Field Surveys I. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office .
3.
Bishton, D., and Homer, B. (eds.). (1978). Talking blues. Birmingham: Affor.
4.
Block, R.L. (1971). Fear of crime and fear of the police. Social Problems19: 91-101.
5.
Brooks, J. (1974). The fear of crime in the United States. Crime and Delinquency20: 241-244.
6.
Clemente, F. and Kleiman, M.B. (1977). Fear of crime in the United States. Social Forces56: 519-531.
7.
Cohen, L.E. and Cantor, D. (1980). The determinants of larceny: an empirical and theoretical study, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency17: 140-159.
8.
Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach. American Sociological Review44: 588-608.
9.
Conklin, J.E. (1971). Dimensons of community response to the crime problem . Social Problems18: 373-385.
10.
Conklin, J.E. (1975). The impact of crime. New York : Macmillan.
11.
Everitt, B. (1974). Cluster analysis. London: Heinemann for the Social Science Research Council.
12.
Fowler, F.J. and Mangione, T. (1974). The nature of fear. Survey research program, University of Massachusetts, Boston and Joint Center for Urban Studies of M.I.T. and Harvard University .
13.
Furstenberg, F.F. (1971). Public reaction to crime in the streets, American Scholar40: 601-610.
14.
Furstenberg, F.F. (1972). Fear of Crime and its effects on citizen behavior , in A. Biderman, ed., Crime and Justice: a symposium. New York: Nailburg.
15.
Garofalo, J. (1979). Victimisation and the fear of crime, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency16: 80-97.
16.
Garofalo, J. (1981). The fear of crime and its consequences. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology72: 839-857.
17.
Garofalo, J. and Laub, J. (1978). The fear of crime: broadening our perspective . Victimology3: 242-253.
18.
Gladstone, F. (1979). Voluntary action in a changing world. London: Bedford Square Press.
19.
Goldthorpe, J.H. and Hope, K. (1974). The social grading of occupations: a new approach and scale. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
20.
Hartnagel, T.F. (1979). The perception and fear of crime: implications for neighbourhood cohesion, social activity and community affect. Social Forces58: 176-193.
21.
Heinzelmann, F. (1981). Crime prevention and the physical environment , in D. A. Lewis, ed., Reactions to crime. Beverly Hills and London: Sage.
22.
Henig, J. and Maxfield, M.G. (1978). Reducing fear of crime: strategies for intervention . Victimology3: 297-313.
23.
Institute Of Race Relations. (1979). Police against black people. Race and Class Pamphlet no. 6. London: IRR.
24.
Jaycox, V.H. (1978). The elderly's fear of crime: rational or irrational . Victimology3: 329-333.
25.
Katzman, M.T. (1980). The contribution of crime to urban decline. UrbanStudies17: 277-286.
26.
Kerner, H.J. (1978). Fear of crime and attitudes towards crime: comparative criminological reflections. International Annals ofCriminology17: 83-102.
27.
Klecka, W.R. and Bishop, G.F. (1978). Neighborhood profiles of senior citizens in four American cities. Washington DC; National Council of Senior Citizens.
28.
Knight, B. and Hayes, R. (1981). Self help in the inner city. London: London Voluntary Service Committee.
29.
Lewis, D.A. and Maxfield, M.G. (1980). Fear in the neighbourhoods: an investigation of the impact of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency17: 140-159.
30.
Lewis, E.B. (1979). Combating crime and citizen attitudes: a study of the corresponding reality. Journal of Criminal Justice7:71-91.
31.
McPherson, M. and Silloway, G. (1980). Planning to prevent crime, in D. A. Lewis, ed., Reactions to crime. Beverly Hills and London: Sage .
32.
Mead, G.H. (1964). On social psychology. (Selected papers edited by A. Strauss) Chicago : University of Chicago press.
33.
Patterson, A. (1977). Environmental indicators, territorial behaviour and fear of crime in the elderly. Police Chief44: 42-45.
34.
President'S Commission On Law Enforcement. ( 1967). Task force report. Washington: Government Printing Office.
35.
Riger, S., Gordon, M.T. and Le Bailly, R. (1978). Womens fear of crime: from blaming to restricting the victim. Victimology3: 274-284.
36.
Riger, S. and Skogan, W.G. (1978). Introduction. Victimology3 (Special issue on the fear of crime).
37.
Scarman, Rt. HON. LoRD ( 1981). The Brixton disorders 10-12 April 1981. London: HMSO.
38.
Shotland, R.L., Hayward, S., Young, C., Signorella, M., Mindingall, K., Kennedy, J., Rovine, M. and Danowitz, E. (1979). Fear of crime in residential communities. Criminology17: 34-45.
39.
Simmel, G. (1955). Conflict and the web of group affiliations. New York: Free Press.
40.
Skogan, W.G. (1981). Assessing the behavioral context of victimisation, The Journal of Criminal Low andCriminology72: 727-742.
41.
Skogan, W.G. and Maxfield, M.G. (1981). Coping with crime. Sage Library of Social Research Vol. 124. Beverly Hills and London: Sage.
42.
Smith, D.M. (1979). Where the grass is greener: geographical perspectives on inequality. London: Croom Helm .
43.
Smith, D.L. (1976). The aftermath of victimisation: fear and suspicion , in E. Viano, ed., Victims and society, Washington DC: Visage.
44.
Smith, S.J. (1982a). Victimisation in the inner city - a British case study, British Journal of Criminology22: 386-402. Smith, S.J. (1982b). Police, crime and fear in the inner city, Police Review, March 19: 534-536.