The major theoretical purpose of the paper is to investigate the implications of globalising and restructuring urban economies on gender-related differences in occupational distribution and earnings within the urban context. The study uses data from national censuses (1983 and 1995) and a labour force survey of 2001, in Israel, to investigate the evolution of gender gaps in Tel-Aviv. The findings that point to the erosion of advantages in the globalising and restructuring urban economy, compared with the nation as a whole, may indicate new potential sources of gender inequality. The theoretical implications, for both the restructuring and globalisation theses and the study of sources of inequality among men and women, are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Almond, P. and Rubery, J. (1998) The gender impact of recent European trends in wage determination, Work, Employment and Society, 12(4), pp. 675—693.
2.
Beaverstock, J.V., Smith, R.G. and Taylor, P.J. (1999) A roster of world cities, Cities , 16(6), pp. 445—458.
3.
Beaverstock, J.V., Smith, R.J. and Taylor, P.J. (2000) World city network: a new `metageography', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 90(1), pp. 123—134.
4.
Bernhardt, A., Morris, M. and Handcock, M. (1995) Women's gains or men's losses? A closer look at the shrinking gender gap in earnings, American Journal of Sociology, 101, pp. 302—328.
5.
Blackburn, R.M., Jarman, J. and Brooks, B. (2000) The puzzle of gender segregation and inequality: a cross-national analysis, European Sociological Review, 16(2), pp. 119—135.
6.
Bruegel, I. (1996) Gendering the polarisation debate: a comment on Hamnett's social polarisation, economic restructuring and welfare regimes, UrbanStudies, 33(8), pp. 1431—1439.
7.
Bruegel, I. (2000) No more jobs for the boys? Gender and class in the restructuring of the British economy, Capital & Class , 71, pp. 79—101.
8.
Cbs (Central Bureau Of Statistics) (1972) Israel standard classification of occupations. Technical Publication No. 38, CBS, Jerusalem.
9.
Cbs (1985) Labour Force Survey . Special Publication No. 801, CBS, Jerusalem.
10.
Cbs (1993) Standard industrial classification of all economic activities. Technical Publication No. 63, CBS, Jerusalem.
11.
Charles, N. (2002) Gender in Modern Britain. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
12.
Chiu, S.W.K. and Lui, T. (2004) Testing the global city—social polarisation thesis: Hong Kong since the 1990s, Urban Studies, 41(10), pp. 1863—1888.
13.
Fainstein, S. (1990) The changing world economy and urban restructuring , Urban Affairs Annual Reviews, 37, pp. 31—51.
14.
Fainstein, S. (2000) Inequality in global city-regions (http//policy.rutgers.edu/faculty/fainstein/papers/ineqality.pdf ).
15.
Fainstein, S. (2001) Inequality in global city-regions, in: A. J. Scott (Ed.) Global City Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy, pp. 285—298. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16.
Felsenstein, D. and Ergas, Y. (2003) Investing in an emerging node: foreign owned companies in the Tel-Aviv economy, in: D. Felsenstein , W. Schamp and A. Shachar (Eds) Emerging Nodes in the Global Economy: Frankfurt and Tel-Aviv Compared, pp. 57—81. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers.
17.
Felsenstein, D., Schamp, W. and Shachar, A. (Eds) ( 2003) Emerging Nodes in the Global Economy: Frankfurt and Tel-Aviv Compared. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
18.
Ferre, M. and Mcquillan, J. (1998) Gender-based pay gaps: methodological and policy issues in university salary studies, Gender & Society , 12(1), pp. 7—39.
19.
Fuchs Epstein, C. and Duncombe, S.R. (1991) Women clerical workers, in: J. H. Mollenkopf and M. Castells (Eds) Dual City: Restructuring New York, pp. 1177—1201. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
20.
Hamnett, C. (1996) Social polarisation, economic restructuring and welfare state regimes, UrbanStudies, 33(6), pp. 1407—1430.
21.
Hansen, S. and Johnston, I. (1985) Gender differences in work-trip lengths: explanations and implications, Urban Geography, 6, pp. 193—219.
22.
Hanson, S. and Pratt, G. (1995) Gender, Work and Space. London : Routledge.
23.
Harrison, B. and Bluestone, B. (1988) The Great U-turn: Corporate Restructuring and the Polarisation of America. New York: Basic Books.
24.
Kasarda, J. (1989) Urban industrial transition and the underclass , Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 501, pp. 26—47.
25.
Kellerman, A. (1993) Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in Twentieth Century. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
26.
Kemp, A. and Raijman, R. (2003) Christian Zionists in the Holy Land: evangelical churches, labour migrants, and the Jewish state, Identities , 10, pp. 295—318.
27.
Kipnis, B.A. (2000) Tel-Aviv, Israel: a world city in evolution: urban development at a dead-end of the global economy ( www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb57.html).
28.
Levy, F. and Murnane, R. (1992) U.S. earnings levels and earnings inequality: a review of recent trends and proposed explanations, Journal of Economic Literature, 30, pp. 1333— 1381.
29.
Logan, J.M. and Swanstrom, J. (1990) Beyond the City Limits: Urban Policy and Economic Restructuring in Comparative Perspective. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
30.
McCall, L. (2000) Gender and the new inequality: explaining the college/non college wage gap, American Sociological Review, 65(2), pp. 234—254.
31.
McDowell, L. (1989) Women, gender and the organization of space, in: D. Gregory and R. Watford (Eds) Horizons in Human Geography, pp. 36—51. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
32.
McDowell, L. (2001) Changing cultures of work: employment, gender, and lifestyle, in: D. Morley and K. Robins (Eds) British Cultural Studies: Geography, Nationality, and Identity, pp. 343—360. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
33.
Menahem, G. (2000) Jews, Arabs, Russians and foreigners in an Israeli city: ethnic divisions and the restructuring economy of Tel Aviv, 1983—96 , International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(3), pp. 634—652.
34.
Mollenkopf, J. H. and Castells, M. (Eds) (1991) Dual City: RestructuringNew York. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
35.
Morris, M., Bernhardt, A.D. and Handcock, M.S. (1994) Economic inequality: new methods for new trends , American Sociological Review, 59, pp. 205—219.
36.
Mossek, A. (2003) The Tel-Aviv producer services sector: changes in an era of globalisation, in: D. Felsenstein , W. Schamp and A. Shachar (Eds) Emerging Nodes in the Global Economy: Frankfurt and Tel-Aviv Compared, pp. 149—172. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers.
37.
Nelson, J. and Lorence, J. (1988) Metropolitan earnings inequality and service sector employment, Social Forces, 67, pp. 492—511.
38.
Presser, H. and Hermsen, J. (1996) Gender differences in the determinants of work-related overnight travel among employed Americans, Work and Occupations , 23, pp. 87—115.
39.
Raijman, R. and Semyonov, M. (1995) Gender, ethnicity and immigration: double disadvantage and triple disadvantage among recent immigrant women in the Israeli labour market, Gender & Society, 11(1), pp. 108—125.
40.
Reskin, B. and Hartmann, H. (Eds) (1986) Women's Work, Men's Work: Sex Segregation on the Job. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
41.
Ridgeway, C. (1997) Interaction and the conservation of gender inequality: considering employment, American Sociological Review, 62(2), pp. 218—235.
42.
Roos, P.A. and Reskin, B.F. (1992) Occupational desegregation in the 1970s: integration and economic equity, Sociological Perspectives, 35(1), pp. 69—91.
43.
Sassen, S. (1990) Restructuring and the American city, Annual Review of Sociology, 16, pp. 465—490.
44.
Sassen, S. (1991) The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
45.
Sassen, S. (1998) Globalisation and its Discontents. New York: New Press.
46.
Semyonov, M. and Lewin-Epstein, N. (1991) Urban labor markets, suburban labor markets and gender inequality in earnings, Sociological Quarterly, 32(4), pp. 611—620.
47.
Shavit, Y., Bolotin-Chachashvili, S., Ayalon, H. and Menahem, G. (2007) Diversification expansion and inequality in Israeli higher education, in: Y. Shavit, R. Arum, A. Gamoran and D. Menahem (Eds) Stratification in Higher Education: A Comparative Study. Palo Alto, CA : Stanford University Press (forthcoming).
48.
Stanley, B. (2003) `Going global' and wannabe world cities: (re)conceptualizing regionalism in the Middle East, in: W. A. Dunaway (Ed.) Crisis and Resistance in the 21st Century World-system, pp. 151—170. Westport, CN: Praeger.
49.
Stier, H., Lewin-Epstein, N. and Braun, M. (2001) Welfare regimes, family-supportive policies and women's employment along the life-course, American Journal of Sociology, 106, pp. 1731—1760.
50.
Tel-Aviv—Jaffa Municipality (1993— 2000) Municipal statistical yearbooks. Tel-Aviv .
51.
Tienda, M. and Stier, H. (1996) Generating labour market inequality: employment opportunities and the accumulation of disadvantages, Social Problems, 43(2), pp. 147—165.
52.
Waldinger, R. (1996) Still a Promised City: African Americans and New Immigrants in Post-industrialNew York. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
