Land-use initiatives represent a potentially effective tool for coping with the kinds of mobility pattern that North American cities faced in the 1990s and still face in the present century. As fine-grained data about land use and travel activity become available, they provide the opportunity to improve our understanding of the linkage between land use and transport. This paper examines in detail the neighbourhood characteristics that could affect mode choice on the work and non-work tour. Neighbourhood characteristics include land use, network and accessibility-related characteristics which are quantified through the use of geographical information systems (GIS). Ultimately, such measures could be used in conjunction with detailed surveys of travel behaviour to specify, calibrate and use models of modal choice and residential choice that are more sensitive to the fine-grained spatial structure of neighbourhoods and transport corridors in metropolitan areas. Micro-level data for the Boston metro area, together with a 1991 activity survey of approximately 10 000 residents, provide a rich empirical basis for experimenting with relevant neighbourhood measures and for simulating the effects on travel behaviour. We find that spatial characteristics do affect mode choice, both for the relatively (spatially) restricted non-work tour and the work tour.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Asami, Y. (1989) An axiomatic approach to a measure of land use mixture, Environment and Planning A, 21, pp. 509-522.
2.
Ben-Akiva, M. and Bowman, J.L. (1995) Activity based disaggregate travel demand model system with daily activity schedules. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
3.
Ben-Akiva, M. and Lerman, S. (1985) Discrete Choice Analysis: Theory and Application to Travel Demand. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
4.
Ben-Akiva, M., Walker, J., Bernardino, A.T. ET AL. ( 1999) Integration of choice and latent variable models. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
5.
Bhat, C.R. (1997) Work travel mode choice and number of non-work commute stops, Transportation Research B, 31, pp. 41-54.
6.
Cervero, R. (1988) America's suburban centers: a study of the land use and transportation link. Urban Mass Transportation Administration, USDOT, Washington, DC.
7.
Cervero, R. and Kockelman, K.M. (1997) Travel demand and the three Ds: density, diversity and design, Transportation Research D, 2, pp. 199-219.
8.
Cervero, R. and Radisch, C. (1996) Pedestrian versus automobile oriented neighborhoods, TransportPolicy, 3, pp. 127-141.
9.
Cervero, R. and Wu, K.-L. (1997) Influences of land-use environments on commuting choices: an analysis of large U.S. metropolitan areas using the 1985 American Housing Survey. Working Paper No. 683, University of California , Berkeley, CA.
10.
Crane, R. (1995) On form versus function: will the 'new urbanism' reduce traffic or increase it ? Working Paper No. 266, The University of CaliforniaTransportation Center , University of California, Berkeley, CA.
11.
Crane, R. (1998) Travel by design, Access, Spring, pp. 2-7.
12.
Crane, R. and Crepeau, R. (1998) Does neighborhood design influence travel?A behavioral analysis of travel diary and GIS data, Transportation Research D, 3, pp. 225-238.
13.
Dalvi, M.Q. and Martin, K.M. (1976) The measurement of accessibility: some preliminary results, Transportation, 5, pp. 17-42.
14.
Evans, J.E., Perincherry, V. and Douglas, G.B. (1997) Transit friendliness factor: approach to quantifying transit access environment in a transportation planning model, Transportation Research Record, 1604, pp. 32-39.
15.
Everitt, B.S. (1984) An Introduction to Latent Variable Models. London: Chapman and Hall.
16.
Ewing, R., Haliyur, P. and Page, G.W. (1994) Getting around a traditional city, a suburban planned unit development and everything in between, Transportation Research Record1466, pp. 53-62.
17.
Flowerdew, R. and Green, M. (1994) Areal interpolation and types of data, in: S. Fotheringham and P. Rogerson (Eds) Spatial Analysis and GIS, pp. 121-145. London : Taylor and Francis.
18.
Frank, L.D. and Pivo, G. (1994) Impacts of mixed use and density on the utilization of three modes of travel: single occupant vehicle, transit and walking, Transportation Research Record, 1466, pp. 44-52.
19.
Handy, S.L. (1996) Understanding the link between urban form and non work travel behavior, Journal of Planning Education and Research , 15, pp. 183-198.
20.
Haralick R.M., Shanmugham, K. and Dinstein, I. (1973) Textural features for image classification, IEEE Transactions of Systems, Man and Cybernetic, SMC-3, pp. 610-621.
21.
Johnson, R.A. and Wichern, D.W. (1992) Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
22.
Kockelman, K.M. (1997) Travel behavior as a function of accessibility, land use mixing and land use balance. Paper presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC.
23.
Koenig, J.G. (1980) Indicators of urban accessibility: theory and application , Transportation, 4, pp. 145-172.
24.
Loutzenheiser, D.R. (1996) Modeling the determinants of pedestrian access to BART. Institute for Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
25.
Martin, D. (1996) Geographic Information Systems: Socioeconomic Applications . London: Routledge.
26.
Mcnally, M.G. and Kulkarni, A. (1997) An assessment of the interaction of land use-transportation system and travel behavior. Paper presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC.
27.
Morris, J.M., Dumble, P.L. and Wigan, M.R. (1979) Accessibility indicators for transportation planning , Transportation Research A, 13, pp. 91-109
28.
Moudon, A.V., Hess, P.M., Snyder, M.C. and Stanilov, K. (1997) Effects of site design on pedestrian travel in mixed-use, medium-density environments, Transportation Research Record, 1578, pp. 48-55.
29.
Musick, B.H. and Grover, H.D. (1991) Image textural measures as indices of landscape pattern, in: M. G. Turner and R. H. Gardner (Eds) Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology, pp. 77-103. New York: Springer-Verlag.
30.
Nishii, K. and Kondo, K. (1992) Trip linkages of urban railway commuters under time space constraints: some empirical observations, Transportation Research B, 26, pp. 33-44.
Shen, Q. (1998) Location characteristics of inner-city neighborhoods and employment accessibility of low wage workers, Environment and Planning B, 25, pp. 345-365.
33.
Srinivasan, S. (2000) Linking land use and transportation: understanding travel behavior in terms of spatial characteristics. Unpublished PhD thesis , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
34.
Train, K., McFadden, D. and Goett, A. (1986) The incorporation of attitudes in econometric models of consumer choice. Cambridge Systematics, Cambridge, MA.
35.
Webster, C.J. (1995) Urban morphological fingerprints, Environment and Planning B, 22, pp. 279-297.
