Environmental inequities discerned on the basis of cross-sectional analysis are often portrayed as an outcome of inconsiderate or outright malicious facility-siting. However, a discussion of the evolution of spatial proximity between noxious facilities and residential areas suggests such proximity is an outcome of more complex processes—though often unrecognised in time. By analysing the pattern of environmental conflicts in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan region and following the evolution of five of them, it is shown that many conflicts arise from encroachment of residential development upon facilities originally sited in remote areas. In the past, this has led to the exit of some of the more noxious facilities. However, this option is becoming obsolete as a result of changes in social and political arrays. Thus, the real concerns are over future siting decisions rather than past practices.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Amiran, D.H.K. and Shachar, A. (1971) The Tel Aviv conurbanization, Eretz Israel, 10, pp.158-217.
2.
Armour, A.M. (1991) The siting of locally unwanted land uses: toward a cooperative approach, Progress in Planning, 35, pp. 1-74.
3.
Aschauer, D. (1989) Is public expenditure productive ?, Journal of Monetary Economics, 23, pp.177-200.
4.
Aschauer, D. (1993) Genuine economic returns to infrastructure investment , Policy Studies Journal, 21, pp. 380-390.
5.
Bacow, L.S. and Wheeler, M. (1985) Environmental Dispute Resolution. New York: Plenum Press.
6.
Baldassare, M. and Wilson, G. (1996, Changing sources of suburban support for local growth controls, UrbanStudies, 33, pp. 459-471.
7.
Barlow, J. (1995) The politics of urban growth: 'boosterism' and 'nimbyism' in European boom regions, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 9, pp. 129-144.
8.
Been, V. (1993) What's fairness got to do with it? Environmental justice and the siting of locally undesirable land uses, Cornell Law Review, 78, pp.1001-1085.
9.
Been, V. (1994) Locally undesirable land uses in minority neighborhoods: disproportionate siting or market dynamics?, Yale Law Journal , 103, pp. 1383-1422.
10.
Bell, M. and Feitelson, E. (1991) US economic restructuring and the demand for transportation services, Transportation Quarterly, 45, pp.517-538.
11.
Blackburn, J.W. and Bruce, W.M. (Eds) (1995) Mediating Environmental Conflicts: Theory and Practice. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
12.
Blake, N.M. (1956) Water for the Cities: A History of the Urban Water Supply Problem in the United States. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
13.
Blowers, A. and Leroy, P. (1994) Power politics and environmental inequity: a theoretical and empirical analysis of the process of 'peripherialisation', Environmental Politics, 3, pp. 197-228.
14.
Bourne, L.S. (1996) Reinventing the suburbs: old myths and new realities , Progress in Planning, 46(3), pp. 163-184.
15.
Bromley, D.W. (1991) Environment and Economy: Public Rights and Public Policy. Oxford: Blackwell.
16.
Burby, R.J. (1997) Creating environmental justice: an evaluation of chemical industry and government efforts to be good neighbors. Paper presented at the 19th Annual APPAM Research Conference, November, Washington, DC.
17.
Button, K. and Pearce, D. (1989) Improving the urban environment: how to adjust national and local government policy for sustainable growth, Progress in Planning, 32, pp. 135-184.
18.
Cervero, R. (1986) Suburban Gridlock. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for urban Policy Research.
19.
Clark, W.A.V. and Kuijpers-Linde, M. (1994) Commuting in restructuring urban regions, UrbanStudies, 31, pp. 465-483.
20.
Coffin, S.L. and Shepard, A. (1998) Barriers to brownfield redevelopment, Public Works Management andPolicy, 2, pp. 258-266.
21.
Cutter, S.L. (1995) Race, class and environmental justice, Progress in Human Geography, 19(1), pp. 111-122.
22.
Downs, A. (1992) Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-hour Traffic Congestion. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
23.
Downs, A. (1995) New Visions for Metropolitan America. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution .
24.
Duffy-Deno, K. and Eberts, R. (1991) Public infrastructure and regional economic development: a simultaneous equations approach, Journal of Urban Economics , 30, pp. 329-343.
25.
Feitelson, E. (1989) Transportation noise, property rights and institutional structure: the Israeli experience in perspective, Transportation Research A, 23A, pp. 349-358.
26.
Feitelson, E. (1996) The pattern of environmental conflicts in metropolitan areas and its planning implications. The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies and theMinistry of Environment, Jerusalem (in Hebrew).
27.
Feitelson, E. (1997) The second closing of the frontier: an end to open-access regimes, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie , 88, pp. 15-28.
28.
Filion, P. (1996) Metropolitan planning objectives and implementation constraints: planning in a post-Fordist and postmodern age, Environment and Planning A, 28, pp. 1637-1660.
29.
Fishman, R. (1987) Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia . New York: Basic Books.
30.
Giuliano, G. and Small, K. (1991) Subcenters in the Los Angeles region, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 21, pp. 163-182.
31.
Gladwin, T.N. and Walter, I. (1980) Multinationals under Fire, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
32.
Golan, A. (1993) The new settlement map of the area abandoned by Arab population within the territory of the State of Israel during Israel's War of Independence and after (1948-1950). Unpublished PhD thesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (in Hebrew).
33.
Gonen, A. (1995) Between City and Suburb: Urban Residential Patterns in Israel. Aldershot: Avebury.
34.
Gordon, P. and Richardson, H.W. (1996) Los Angeles among other CMSAs: outlier or norm?, Environment and Planning A, 28, pp. 1727-1744.
35.
Gray, J.M. (1997) Environmental policy and municipal waste management in the UK, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS, 22, pp. 69-90.
36.
Greenberg, M., Popper, F.West, B. and Schneider, D. (1992) TOADS go to New Jersey: implications for land use and public health in mid-sized and large US cities, Urban Studies, 29, pp. 117-125.
37.
Van der Gun, V. and De Roo, G. (1994) An integrated environmental approach to land use zoning, in: H. Voogd (Ed.) Issues in Environmental Planning, pp. 58-66. London: Pion.
38.
Hamilton, J.T. (1993) Politics and social costs: estimating the impact of collective action on hazardous waste facilities, RandJournal of Economics, 24, pp. 101-125.
39.
Harvey, D. (1973) Social Justice and the City. London: Edward Arnold.
40.
Henig, J.R. (1992) Defining city limits, Urban Affairs Quarterly, 27, pp. 375-395.
41.
Inhaber, H. (1997) Slaying the NIMBY Dragon. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
42.
Jackson, K. (1985) Crabgrass Frontier: The Sub-urbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
43.
Kanarek, A., Aharoni, A. and Michail, M. (1992) Municipal wastewater reuse via soil aquifer treatment for non-potable purposes, in: A. Adin ET AL. (Eds) Environmental Quality and Ecosystem Stability , pp. 118-126. Jerusalem: ISEEQ Publications.
44.
Kark, R. (1990) Jaffa: A City in Evolution 1799-1917. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben Zvi Press.
45.
Kipnis, B. (1989) Untimely metropolitan field 'rurban' development-rural ranaissance as a geopolitical process, Geography Research Forum, 9, pp. 662-678.
46.
Kunreuther, H. and Easterling, D. (1992) Gaining acceptance for noxious facilities with economic incentives, in: D. W. Bromley and K. Segerson (Eds) The Social Response to Environmental Risk, pp. 151-186. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
47.
Lawrence, D.P. (1996) Approaches and methods for siting locally unwanted waste facilities, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management , 39, pp. 165-187.
48.
Logan, J. and Molotch, H. (1987) Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
49.
Massam, B. (1993) The Right Place: Shared Responsibility and the Location of Public Facilities. Harlow: Longman.
50.
Melosi, M.V. (1981) Garbage in the Cities: Refuse, Reform and the Environment 18801980. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
51.
Mitciielson, R.L. and Wheeler, J.O. (1995) Analysis of aggregate flows: the Atlanta case, in: S. Hanson (Ed.) The Geography of Urban Transportation, 2nd edn, pp. 129-165. New York: The Guilford Press.
52.
Morris, B. (1988) The Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem 1947-1949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53.
Muller, P.O. (1995) Transportation and urban form: stages in the spatial evolution of the American metropolis, in: S. Hanson (Ed.) The Geography of Urban Transportation, 2nd edn, pp. 26-52. New York: The Guilford Press.
54.
Muivton, R. (1995) Regulating rural change: property rights economy and environment-a case study from Cumbria UK, Journal of Rural Studies, 11, pp. 269-284.
55.
Murdoch, J. and Marsden, T. (1994) Reconstituting Rurality. London : UCL Press.
56.
Nelson, R. (1977) Zoning and Property Rights. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
57.
O'Looney, J. (1995) Economic Development and Environmental Control: Balancing Business and Community in an Age of NIMBYs and LULUs. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
58.
Platt, H. (1991) The Electric City: Energy and Growth of the Chicago Area 1880-1930. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
59.
Plotkin, S. (1987) Property, policy and politics: towards a theory of urban land-use conflict, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2, pp. 382-403.
60.
Puilido, L., Sidawi, S. and Vos, R.O. (1996) An archaeology of environmental racism in Los Angeles , Urban Geography, 7, pp. 419-439.
61.
Schnell, I. and Greicer, I. (1993) Causes of in-migration to Tel-Aviv inner city, UrbanStudies, 30, pp. 1187-1207.
62.
Shachar, A., Hershkovitz, S. and Stier, M. (1978) Social areas in metropolitan Tel Aviv in the period 1961-1972, Mehkarim Bageografia shel Eretz Israel [Studies in the Geography of Israel], 10, pp. 1-30 (in Hebrew).
63.
Simons, R.A. (1998) How many brownfield sites are out there?, Public Works Management andPolicy, 2, pp. 267-273.
64.
Susskind, L. and Cruikshank, J. (1987) Breaking the Impasse: Consensual Approaches to Resolving Public Disputes. New York: Basic Books.
65.
Swyngedouw, E. ( 1989) The heart of place: the resurrection of locality in an age of hyperspace, Geografiska Annaler B, 71, pp. 31-42.
66.
Tarr, J.A. (1988) Sewerage and the development of the networked city in the United States 1850-1930, in: J. A. Tarr and G. Dupuy (Eds) Technology and the Rise of the Networked City in Europe and America , pp. 159-185. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press .
67.
Walker, G. (1995) Social mobilization in the city's countryside: rural Toronto fights waste dump, Journal of Rural Studies , 11, pp. 243-254.
68.
Whitehand, J.W.R. (1987) The Changing Face of Cities: A Study of Development Cycles and Urban Form. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
69.
Wilson, W.J. (1987) The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass and Public Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
70.
Wolsink, M. (1994) Entanglement of interests and motives: assumptions behind the NIMBY theory on facility siting, UrbanStudies , 31, pp. 851-866.
