Four groups of rats received conditioned suppression training in which a tone and light compound was reinforced with shock. If the light had been previously paired with free food, enhanced fear conditioning accrued to the tone during compound training relative to control groups pre-exposed to the light alone, the light semi-randomly associated with food, or the light unpaired with food. The second experiment replicated the difference in aversive conditioning for the groups receiving the light either paired or unpaired with food. The results are discussed in terms of the functional similarity of a conditioned excitor for food and a conditioned inhibitor for shock.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BaconW. E.BindraD. (1967). The generality of the incentive-motivational effects of classically conditioned stimuli on instrumental learning. Acta Biologiae Experimentalis27, 185–97.
2.
BindraD. (1968). A neuropsychological interpretation of the effects of drive and incentive-motivation on general activity and instrumental behavior. Psychological Review75, 1–22.
3.
BindraD. (1974). A motivational view of learning, performance, and behavior modification. Psychological Review81, 199–213.
4.
BraudW. G. (1971). Effectiveness of “neutral”, habituated, shock-related, and food-related stimuli as CSs for avoidance learning in goldfish. Conditional Reflex6, 153–6.
5.
BullJ. A. (1970). An interaction between appetitive Pavlovian CSs and instrumental avoidance responding. Learning and MotivationI, 18–26.
6.
CoughlinR. C. (1972). The aversive properties of withdrawing positive reinforcement: A review of the recent literature. Psychological Record22, 333–54.
7.
CoulsonG.WalshM. (1968). Facilitation of avoidance responding in white rats during a stimulus preceding food. Psychological Reports22, 1277–84.
8.
DalyH. B. (1974). Reinforcing properties of escape from frustration aroused in various learning situations. In BowerG. H. (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation8, 187–228.
9.
DavisH.KreuterC. (1972). Conditioned suppression of an avoidance response by a stimulus paired with food. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior17, 277–285.
10.
DickinsonA. (1976). Modulation of fear conditioning and extinction by frustration Unpublished paper.
11.
EstesW. K. (1969). Outline of a theory of punishment. In ChurchR. M.CampbellB. A. (Eds), Punishment and Aversive BehaviorNew York: Appleton-Century-Crofts57–82.
12.
EstesW. K.SkinnerB. F. (1941). Some quantitative properties of anxiety. Journal of Experimental Psychology29, 390–400.
13.
FowlerH.FagoG. C.DomberE. A.HochhauserM. (1973). Signaling and affective functions in Pavlovian conditioning. Animal Learning and BehaviorI, 81–9.
14.
GrayJ. A. (1975). Elements of a Two-process Theory of LearningLondon: Academic Press.
15.
GrossenN. E.KostansekD. J.BollesR. C. (1969). Effects of appetitive discriminative stimuli on avoidance behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology81, 340–3.
16.
HentonW. W. (1972). Avoidance response rates during a pre-food stimulus in monkeys. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior17, 269–75.
17.
KaminL. J. (1968). “Attention-like” processes in classical conditioning. In JonesM. R. (Ed.), Miami Symposium on the Prediction of Behavior: Aversive StimulationMiami: University of Miami Press.
18.
KonorskiJ. (1967). Integrative Activity of the BrainChicago: University of Chicago Press.
LeitenbergM. (1965). Is time-out from reinforcement an aversive event? A review of experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin64, 428–41.
21.
LubowR. E. (1973). Latent inhibition. Psychological Bulletin79, 398–407.
22.
MillensonJ. R. (1971). A motivational-reinforcement theory of emotion. Studio Psychologia13, 222–38.
23.
MillerN. E. (1963). Some reflections on the law of effect produce a new alternative to drive reduction. In JonesM. R. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on MotivationLincoln: University of Nebraska PressII, 65–112.
24.
MowrerO. H. (1960). Learning Theory and BehaviorNew York: Wiley.
25.
O'NeillW.BiedermanG. B. (1974). Avoidance conditioning as a function of appetitive stimulus pretraining: Response and stimulus transfer effects. Learning and Motivation5, 195–208.
26.
OvermierJ. B.BullJ. A.III (1970). Influence of appetitive Pavlovian conditioning upon avoidance behavior. In ReynierseJ. H. (Ed.), Current Issues in Animal LearningLincoln: University of Nebraska Press117–42.
27.
OvermierJ. B.BullJ. A.IIIPackK. (1971). On instrumental interaction as explaining the influence of Pavlovian CSs upon avoidance learning. Learning and Motivation2, 103–112.
28.
OvermierJ. B.PayneR. J. (1971). Facilitation of instrumental avoidance learning by prior appetitive Pavlovian conditioning to the cue. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis31, 341–9.
29.
OvermierJ. B.SchwarzkopfK. H. (1974). Summation of food and shock based responding. Learning and Motivation5, 42–52.
30.
RescorlaR. A. (1969). Pavlovian conditioned inhibition. Psychological Bulletin72, 77–94.
31.
RescorlaR. A. (1971). Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and non-reinforcement following prior inhibitory conditioning. Learning and Motivation2, 113–23.
32.
RescorlaR. A. (1973). A model of Pavlovian conditioning. In RusinovV. S. (Ed.), Mechanisms of Formation and Inhibition of Conditional ReflexMoscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
33.
RescorlaR. A.SolomonR. L. (1967). Two-process learning theory: Relationship between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning. Psychological Review74, 151–82.
34.
RescorlaR. A.WagnerA. R. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In BlackA. H.ProkasyW. K. (Eds), Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and TheoryNew York: Appleton-Century-Crofts64–99.
35.
ScavioM. J. (1974). Classical-classical transfer: Effects of prior aversive conditioning upon appetitive conditioning in rabbits (Oryctolagus cunicullus). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology86, 107–15.
36.
SteinL. (1964). Reciprocal action of reward and punishment mechanisms. In HeathR. G. (Ed.), The Role of Pleasure in BehaviorNew York: Harper & Row113–40.
37.
SutherlandN. S.MackintoshN. J. (1971). Mechanisms of Animal Discrimination LearningNew York: Academic Press.
38.
TaukulisH. K.RevuskyS. H. (1975). Odor as a conditioned inhibitor: applicability of the Rescorla-Wagner model to feeding behavior. Learning and Motivation6, 11–27.
39.
TrapoldM. A.OvermierJ. B. (1972). The second learning process in instrumental learning. In BlackA. H.ProkasyW. K. (Eds), Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and TheoryNew York: Appleton-Century-Crofts427–52.
40.
WagnerA. R. (1969). Frustrative nonreward: a variety of punishment? In CampbellB. A.ChurchR. M. (Eds), Punishment and Aversive BehaviorNew York: Appleton-Century-Crofts157–81.
