Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2021-2
Fabrication of ultra-low-cost pure Ti by selective laser melting using the mixed powders of hydride-dehydride titanium powders treated by ball milling and spherical powders
Selective laser melting (SLM) currently uses the micro-fine spherical powder prepared by gas atomisation as a raw material. However, the spherical powder is expensive. In order to reduce the cost, this study first ball mills the pure titanium (CP-Ti) powder of hydrogenation-dehydrogenation (HDH). At a high speed and within a short period, the particle size distribution of the powder at a high rotation speed for 15 min is 12–45 μm with an angle of repose 34.3°. Then, the ball milling of titanium was mixed spherical powder with a wide grain size range up to 100 μm. This study presents the results of using SLM to produce CP-Ti parts starting from powder with mixed powder, in a different ratio between modified powder and spherical powder. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of SLM-parts of 8:2 ratio has been improved to 507 MPa, and the UTS of parts of 7:3 ratio has been improved to 522 MPa.
ZafariA, BaratiMR, XiaK.Controlling martensitic decomposition during selective laser melting to achieve best ductility in high strength Ti-6Al-4V. Mater Sci Eng: A. 2019;744:445–455.
2.
LiashenkoI, Rosell-LlompartJ, CabotA.Ultrafast 3D printing with submicrometer features using electrostatic jet deflection. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):753.
3.
LuSL, TangHP, NaiSML, Intensified texture in selective electron beam melted Ti–6Al–4V thin plates by hot isostatic pressing and its fundamental influence on tensile fracture and properties. Mater Charact. 2019;152:162–168.
4.
GreitemeierD, PalmF, SyassenF, Fatigue performance of additive manufactured TiAl6V4 using electron and laser beam melting. Int J Fatigue. 2017;94:211–217.
5.
YinJ, PengG, ChenC, Thermal behavior and grain growth orientation during selective laser melting of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. J Mater Process Technol. 2018;260:57–65.
6.
SunYY, LuSL, GuliziaS, Fatigue performance of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V: surface condition vs. internal defects. Jom. 2020;72(3):1022–1030.
7.
RotellaG, ImbrognoS, CandamanoS, Surface integrity of machined additively manufactured Ti alloys. J Mater Process Technol. 2018;259:180–185.
8.
ZhangXZ, LearyM, TangHP, Selective electron beam manufactured Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures for orthopedic implant applications: current status and outstanding challenges. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci. 2018;22(3):75–99.
9.
ChenG, ZhaoSY, TanP, A comparative study of Ti-6Al-4V powders for additive manufacturing by gas atomization, plasma rotating electrode process and plasma atomization. Powder Technol. 2018;333:38–46.
10.
AmadoJM, RodríguezA, MonteroJN, A comparison of laser deposition of commercially pure titanium using gas atomized or Ti sponge powders. Surf Coat Technol. 2019;374:253–263.
11.
ChenG, ZhouQ, ZhaoSY, A pore morphological study of gas-atomized Ti-6Al-4V powders by scanning electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray computed tomography. Powder Technol. 2018;330:425–430.
12.
BolzoniL, Ruiz-NavasEM, GordoE.Powder metallurgy CP-Ti performances: hydride–dehydride vs. sponge. Mater Des. 2014;60:226–232.
13.
SinghP, AbhashA, YadavBN, Effect of milling time on powder characteristics and mechanical performance of Ti4wt%Al alloy. Powder Technol. 2019;342:275–287.
14.
BolzoniL, Ruiz-NavasEM, GordoE.Quantifying the properties of low-cost powder metallurgy titanium alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2017;687:47–53.
15.
ZhaoH, HoA, DavisA, Automated image mapping and quantification of microstructure heterogeneity in additive manufactured Ti6Al4V. Mater Charact. 2019;147:131–145.
16.
HeB, WuW, ZhangL, Microstructural characteristic and mechanical property of Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by selective laser melting. Vacuum. 2018;150:79–83.
17.
TanX, KokY, TanYJ, Graded microstructure and mechanical properties of additive manufactured Ti–6Al–4V via electron beam melting. Acta Mater. 2015;97:1–16.
18.
MirandaG, FariaS, BartolomeuF, A study on the production of thin-walled Ti6Al4V parts by selective laser melting. J Manuf Process. 2019;39:346–355.
19.
AhujaB, SchaubA, KargM, Developing LBM process parameters for Ti-6Al-4V thin wall structures and determining the corresponding mechanical characteristics. Phys Procedia. 2014;56:90–98.
20.
CacaceS, SemeraroQ.Influence of the atomization medium on the properties of stainless steel SLM parts. Additive Manufacturing. 2020;36:101509.
21.
HouY, LiuB, LiuY, Ultra-low cost Ti powder for selective laser melting additive manufacturing and superior mechanical properties associated. Opto-Electron Adv. 2019;2(5):18002801–18002808.
22.
XuW, XiaoS, LuX, Fabrication of commercial pure Ti by selective laser melting using hydride-dehydride titanium powders treated by ball milling. J Mater Sci Technol. 2019;35(2):322–327.
23.
BolokangAS, MotaungDE, ArendseCJ, Formation of the metastable FCC phase by ball milling and annealing of titanium–stearic acid powder. Adv Powder Technol. 2015;26(2):632–639.
24.
BenedettiM, TorresaniE, LeoniM, The effect of post-sintering treatments on the fatigue and biological behavior of Ti-6Al-4V ELI parts made by selective laser melting. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2017;71:295–306.
25.
KazantsevaN, KrakhmalevP, ThuvanderM, Martensitic transformations in Ti–6Al–4V (ELI) alloy manufactured by 3D printing. Mater Charact. 2018;146:101–112.
26.
BrandtM, SunSJ, LearyM, High-value SLM aerospace components: from design to manufacture. Adv Mat Res. 2013;633:135–147.
27.
YanX, YinS, ChenC, Effect of heat treatment on the phase transformation and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V fabricated by selective laser melting. J Alloys Compd. 2018;764:1056–1071.
28.
ThijsL, VerhaegheF, CraeghsT, A study of the microstructural evolution during selective laser melting of Ti–6Al–4V. Acta Mater. 2010;58(9):3303–3312.
29.
AttarH, CalinM, ZhangLC, Manufacture by selective laser melting and mechanical behavior of commercially pure titanium. Mater Sci Eng: A. 2014;593:170–177.
30.
FanJ-T, YanY-M.Gradient microstructure with martensitic transformation for developing a large-size metallic alloy with enhanced mechanical properties. Mater Des. 2018;143:20–26.
31.
YanM, DarguschMS, EbelT, A transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional atom probe study of the oxygen-induced fine microstructural features in as-sintered Ti–6Al–4V and their impacts on ductility. Acta Mater. 2014;68:196–206.
32.
SantosEC, OsakadaK, ShiomiM, Microstructure and mechanical properties of pure titanium models fabricated by selective laser melting. Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part C: J Mech Eng Sci. 2004;218(7):711–719.
