Health Care Rationing and Insured Access: Does the Catholic Tradition Have Anything to Say?

Relman Arnold S. “The Trouble With Rationing”, The New England Journal of Medicine, Sept. 27, 1990, Vol. 323, no. 13, p. 911.

Levit K. R. , Friedland M. S. , Waldo D. R. “National Health Care Spending Trends: 1988”, Health Affairs. (Summer 1990). pp. 171–184.

See Levit

Schwartz W. “The Inevitable Failure of Current Cost-Containment Strategies”, JAMA, Vol. 257, no. 2, pp. 220–224.

One might think of evaluative instruments such as the APACHE score. See, for example, Knaus W. A. , Zimmerman J. E. , Wagner D. P. “APACHE — Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation: A Physiologically Based Classification System”, Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 9, (1981), pp. 591–597; W. A. Knaus, et al., “APACHE II: A Severity of Disease Classification System: Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 13 (October, 1985), pp. 818-829; Zimmerman J. (ed.), “APACHE III Study Design: Analytic Plan for Evaluation of Severity and Outcome”, Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 17 (December, 1989), pp. 169-221.

Moyer , Eugene M. “Data Watch: A Revised Look at the Number of Uninsured Americans”, Health Affairs, (Summer, 1989), pp. 102–110.

See Moyer .

Blendon Robert J. , Aiken Linda H. , Freeman Howard “Uncompensated Care By Hospitals Or Public Insurance For The Poor: Does It Make A Difference?”, The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 314, no. 18, May 1, 1986, pp. 1160–1163.

“Health System Proposals Compared To APHA Proposals”, in The Nations Health, March, 1990, pp. 9ff.

Thorpe K. , Siegel J. , Daily T. “Including The Poor: The Fiscal Impact of Medicaid Expansion”, JAMA, Vol. 261, no. 7, pp. 1003–1007.

Welch H. G. “Health Care Tickets for the Uninsured: First Class, Coach or Standby?” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 321, no. 18, pp. 1261–1264.

Leo XIII, “Rerum Novarum,” Section 53.

John XXIII. “Pacem in Terris,” Section III, no. 11.

American Catholic Bishops, Health and Health Care, (Washington, D.C.: United States Catholic Conference, 1981), pp. 17–19.

Paul John II “Catholic Doctors; Higher Witness”, The Pope Speaks, 1982, Vol. 28, pp. 30–35. Also, Laborem Exercens, Section 19. For a good summary and overview of this literature, see Robert Barnet, “A Right to Health Care — Fact or Fiction”, Linacre Quarterly, 1988, Vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 60-72.

Paul John II “Solicitudo Rei Socialis”, Chapter IV.

Pius XII, “The Prolongation of Life”, The Pope Speaks, 1957, p. 396.

The Pope Speaks, 1957, pp. 395–396.

See. Kelly Gerald “The Duly of Using Artificial Means of Preserving Life”, Theological Studies, Vol. 11, (1950), pp. 203–220 and E. F. Healy, Medical Ethics, (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1956), p. 67-70.

Pius XII, p. 396.

Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, “Declaration on Euthanasia”, 1980, Section IV.2.

Healy op. cit., pp. 77–78.

President's Commission for the Study of Ethics Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Securing Access to Health Care, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983).

American College of Physicians, “Position Paper: Access to Health Care”, Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 112, no. 9, pp. 641–661. See p. 649 for quotation.

Brody Baruch A. “Health Care for the Haves and Have-nots: Toward a Just Basis of Distribution”, in Justice and Health Care, Shelp Earl (ed.), (Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1981), pp. 151–161.

Engelhardt H. T. , and Rie M. A. “Intensive Care Units. Scarce Resources, and Conflicting Principles of Justice”. JAMA, Vol. 255, no. 9, March 7, 1986. pp. 1159–1164.

Welch op. cit.

“Lumen Gentium”, no. 31.