Determining When Death Has Occurred

Vatican H. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, (Gaudium et Spes), 7 December, 1965, n. 18.

Vatican H. Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, (Gaudium et Spes), 7 December, 1965, n. 18.

1 Corinthians 15: 50–53.

Descartes Rene Discourse on Method, part IV, cf. A.J. Aver, The Central Questions of Philosophy, Penguin, 1973, p. 8.

Catechism for the Universal Church (provisional text), Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 1989, n. 1191.

Thomas Aquinas St . Summa Theologica Vol. I, Pt. 1, Q 76, Art. 1 English edition, (Maryland, Christian Classics) 1948.

1 Corinthians 15: 50–53. 1 Corinthians 15: 44.

1 Corinthians 6: 13–15.

1 Corinthians 6: 19–20.

As quoted by Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Instruction on Respect for Human Life in its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation: Replies to Certain Questions of the Day (Donum Vitae) Vatican City, Feb. 22 1987. Section 1, Respect for Human Embryos, Part I, para. 3.

As quoted by Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Instruction on Respect for Human Life in its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation: Replies to Certain Questions of the Day (Donum Vitae) Vatican City, Feb. 22 1987 para. 4.

Daly T.V. , S.J. “The Status of Embryonic Human Life: A Crucial Issue in Genetic Counselling” in Tonti-Filippini N. Health Care Priorities in Australia, St. Vincent's Bioethics Centre, Melbourne, 1985, pp. 45–57.

Seifert Josef “Abortion and Euthanasia as Legal and as Moral Issues: Some Reflections on the Relationship Between Morality. Church and State” in Tonti-Filippini N. A. Bioethics Update and she Role of Catholic Hospitals: Proceedings on the 1987 Annual Conference on Bioethics (Melbourne: St. Vincent's Bioethics Centre), 1987, p. 164.

Ford Norman M. When Did I Begin?: Conception of the Human Individual its History, Philosophy and Science (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press), 1988, p. 73.

Scott Russell The Body as Property (London, Penguin Books), 1981.

Seifert Josef op. cit., p. 183.

Donum Vitae, English Edition, p. 12, Section I, Respect for Human Embryo, Part 1.

Seifert cites a reference for this: Jonas H. “Against the Stream” Philosophical Essays. (1974), pp. 134–135.

Cf. Powner David S. , Peakes Rosa Lynn , and Grenirk Ake “Decision-making in Brain Death and Vegetative States - Multiple Considerations” in Grenirk Abe , and Safar Peter Brain Failure and Resuscitation (Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone), 1981, p. 239.

Canon 1005 of the Code of Canon Law as it was revised in 1983 states: “If there is any doubt as to whether the sick person has reached the age of reason, or is dangerously ill, or is dead, this sacrament is to be administered.”

Seifert Josef Canon 1005 of the Code of Canon Law as it was revised in 1983 states: “If there is any doubt as to whether the sick person has reached the age of reason, or is dangerously ill, or is dead, this sacrament is to be administered.”

Santamaria, John, Director of Intensive Care, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, who supplied me with the following information in a private conversation, 13 March, 1990.

Oaknine G.E. “Cardiac and metabolic alterations in brain death” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1978) 315: 252–264.

Byrne E. “The Medical Determination of Death” Proceedings of the 1984 Conference on Bioethics edited by Santamaria J. N. , and Tonti-Filippini N. , (Melbourne: St. Vincent's Bioethics Center) 1984, p. 49.

Santamaria, John, Director of Intensive Care, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne in private conversation, 13 March, 1990.

Byrne, Dr. Ed. Director, Neurology Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, in private conversation, 20 March, 1990.

The President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems, Defining Death Washington, 1981, p. 33.

The President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems, Defining Death Washington, 1981, p. 36.

The President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems, Defining Death Washington, 1981, p. 58.

Byrne E. “The Medical Determination of Death” in Santamaria and Tonti-Filippini. Op. cit., 50–52.

Grenvik Ake “Brain Death and Permanently Lost Consciousness” in Shoemaker William C. , Leigh Thompson W. , and Holbrook Peter R. The Society of Critical Care Medicine: Textbook of Critical Care. W. B. Saunders Company, 1984, pp. 968–980.

Grenvik Ake op. cit., pp. 969–970.

Wallers James W. , and Ashwal Stephan “Organ Prolongation in Anencephalic Infants: Ethical and Medical Issues” Hastings Center Report, Vol. 18. No. 5. October November, 1988, pp. 19–27.

Shewmon D. Alan “Anencephaly: Selected Medical Aspects” Hastings Center Report. Vol. 18, No. 5, October November, 1988, pp. 11–18.

Walters , and Ashwal Hastings Center Report.

Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death, “A Definition of Irreversible Coma,” Journal of the American Medical Association 205 (1968), 337–340.

Fost Norman “Organs from Anencephalic Infants: An Idea Whose Time Has Not Yet Come,” Hastings Center Report, Volume 18, Number 5, October; November, 1988, pp. 5–10.

“The Anencephalic Newborn as Organ Donor” Hastings Center Report, Volume 16, Number 2, April 1986, p. 21–22.

Op. cit.

Pius XII, Pope Allocution to the Second World Congress on Fertility and Sterility 14 May, 1956.

This is the figure given to me by Dr. John Moran of the renal unit at St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne.

This claim is based upon several personal reports of operating room supervisors who have the task of finding nursing staff to assist in organ procurement.

The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 15, No. 1. February, 1985, pp. 31–37.

“Attitudes Toward the Newly Dead”. The Hastings Center Studies, 1 (1972); 3–13.

May William , “Religious Justifications for Donating Body Parts” The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 15, No. 1, February, 1985, p. 39.

Op. cit.

Op. cit., (1985), p. 40.

Final Report of the Ministerial Working Party on Renal Failure Services in Victoria (Chairman: Prof. John J. McNeil) 16 May, 1989.

May, Final Report of the Ministerial Working Party on Renal Failure Services in Victoria (Chairman: Prof. John J. McNeil) 16 May, 1989, (1985) p. 41.

See, for instance, the Victorian Human Tissue Act, 1981.

Donum Vitae (1987), Section III, Moral and Civil law.