Investigating the Time-Course of Task-Dependent Perceptual Grouping

Abstract

At what stage do factors such as task experience and expectation interact with the perception of whole objects? Recent work (Freeman, 1995 Perception 24 Supplement, 134; 1996 Perception 25 Supplement, 51) suggests that perceptual grouping of ambiguous 1-Whole/2-Wholes stimuli is dependent upon learning and task predictability, as inferred from changes in performance in a Whole - Whole/Whole - Part shape matching paradigm. Thus, subjects seemed able to offset the effect of a stimulus parameter known to influence perceived grouping, in order to see the grouping they had been trained to see or were expecting to see. In the present research the timing of these interactive processes was investigated, with the use of backward masking to take a snapshot of visual processes at different stages in their development.

Stimulus and task-context factors were found to interact even at the shortest masking interval (50 ms), suggesting that top - down knowledge constrains perceptual grouping processes from an early stage onwards. A simple model of the development of 1-Whole and 2-Whole percepts implies two further conclusions. First, task and stimulus factors both seem to work by modifying the rate of development of the alternative percepts. Second, and counter-intuitively, it appears that, given the appropriate task-context and stimuli, it is possible to group the stimulus in several different ways at once. These results shed light on issues concerning the nature of perceptual grouping, and the process by which our experience of objects is brought to bear on our selection of functional perceptual groups.