Perceived velocities during a brief period of exposure (<1.2 s) were measured to examine how much time is necessary to perceive velocity as constant. Moving sinusoidal gratings were used as stimuli at relatively low velocities. At the beginning of each stimulus presentation, a moving pattern was perceived as stationary until a critical time had passed. After that, perceived velocity was positively correlated with moving distance, irrespective of physical velocity below a critical moving distance. Beyond the critical moving distance, velocity was perceived as constant. A simple model is presented to explain these results.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdelsonE HBergenJ R, 1985“Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion”Journal of the Optical Society of America A2284–299.
2.
AlbrightT DDesimoneR, 1987“Local precision of visuotopic organization in the middle temporal area (MT) of the macaque”Experimental Brain Research65582–592.
BraddickO J, 1974“A short-range process in apparent motion”Vision Research14519–527.
5.
BurrD C, 1981“Temporal summation of moving images by the human visual systems”Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B211321–339.
6.
BurrD CCorsaleB, 2001“Dependency of reaction times to motion onset on luminance and chromatic contrast”Vision Research411039–1048.
7.
ChangJ JJuleszB, 1983“Displacement limits for spatial frequency filtered random-dot cinematograms in apparent motion”Vision Research231379–1385.
8.
CohenR L, 1964Problems in Motion Perception (Uppsala, Sweden: Lundequistska Bokhandeln).
9.
DienerH CWistE RDichgansJBrandtTh, 1976“The spatial frequency effect on perceived velocity”Vision Research16169–176.
10.
FerreraV PWilsonH R, 1991“Perceived speed of moving two-dimensional patterns”Vision Research31877–893.
11.
GeesmanB JQianN, 1998“The effect of complex motion pattern on speed perception”Vision Research381223–1231.
12.
GrzywaczN MYuilleA L, 1990“A model for the estimate of local image velocity by cells in the visual cortex”Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B239129–161.
13.
HeegerD J, 1987“Model for the extraction of image flow”Journal of the Optical Society of America A41455–1471.
14.
JohanssonG, 1950“Configurations in the perception of velocity”Acta Psychologica725–79.
15.
JohnsonC ALeibowitzH W, 1976“Velocity – time reciprocity in the perception of motion: Foveal and peripheral determinations”Vision Research16177–180.
16.
JohnsonC AScobeyR P, 1980“Foveal and peripheral displacement thresholds as a function of stimulus luminance, line length and duration of movement”Vision Research20709–715.
17.
LedgewayTSmithA T, 1995“The perceived speed of second-order motion and its dependence on stimulus contrast”Vision Research351421–1434.
18.
MichotteA, 1963The Perception of Causality (London: Methuen).
19.
NakayamaKSilvermanG H, 1984“Temporal and spatial characteristics of the upper displacement limit for motion in random dots”Vision Research24293–299.
20.
QuickR FJr, 1974“A vector-magnitude model of contrast detection”Kybernetik1665–67.
21.
RunesonS, 1974“Constant velocity–not perceived as such”Psychological Research373–23.
22.
SeiffertA ECavanaghP, 1999“Position-based motion perception for color and texture stimuli: Effects of contrast and speed”Vision Research394172–4185.
23.
SmithA T, 1985“Velocity coding: Evidence from perceived velocity shifts”Vision Research251969–1976.
24.
SmithA TEdgarG K, 1990“The influence of spatial frequency on perceived temporal frequency and perceived speed”Vision Research301467–1474.
25.
SmithA TEdgarG K, 1994“Antagonistic comparison of temporal frequency filter outputs as a basis for speed perception”Vision Research34253–265.
26.
StoneL SThompsonP, 1992“Human speed perception is contrast dependent”Vision Research321535–1549.
27.
TayamaT, 2000“The minimum temporal thresholds for motion detection of grating patterns”Perception29761–769.
28.
TaylorM MCreelmanC D, 1967“PEST: Efficient estimates on probability functions”The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America41782–787.
29.
TylerC WTorresJ, 1972“Frequency response characteristics for sinusoidal movement in the fovea and periphery”Perception & Psychophysics12232–236.
30.
Van SantenJ P HSperlingG, 1985“Elaborated Reichardt detectors”Journal of the Optical Society of America A2300–321.
31.
WatsonA B, 1979“Probability summation over time”Vision Research19515–522.
32.
WatsonA BAhumadaA JJr, 1985“Model of human visual-motion sensing”Journal of the Optical Society of America A2322–342.
33.
WrightM J, 1987“Spatiotemporal properties of grating motion detection in the center and the periphery of the visual field”Journal of the Optical Society of America A41627–1633.
