A computer graphic method for extracting a natural image of an individual's facial prototype, or average appearance, from a number of different images of that individual is presented. The process improves upon previous photographic and computational techniques. Synthesis of a person's average expression and pose from a sample of images is derived in an automatic and quantitative way. Possible uses of composite faces produced in this manner in psychological investigations of facial qualities (eg attractiveness) and in applied areas such as telecommunication are pointed out.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AizawaKHarashimaHSaitoT, 1989“Model-based analysis synthesis image coding (MBASIC) system for a person's face”Signal Processing: Image Communication1139–152
2.
BensonP JPerrettD I, 1991a“Computer averaging and manipulation of faces” in Photovideo Ed. WombellP (London: Rivers Oram Press)
3.
BensonP JPerrettD I, 1991b“Perception and recognition of photographic quality facial caricatures: implications for the recognition of natural images”European Journal of Cognitive Psychology3105–135
4.
BensonP JPerrettD I, 1991c“Synthesising continuous-tone caricatures”Image and Vision Computing9123–129
5.
BensonP JPerrettD I, 1992“Face to face with the perfect image”New Scientist (1809, 22 February) 32–35
LangloisJ HRoggmanL A, 1990“Attractive faces are only average”Psychological Science1115–121
16.
LavaterJ C, 1780Essays on Physiognomy (London: Ward, Lock and Co)
17.
McClellandJ LRumelhartD E, 1985“Distributed memory and representations of general and specific information”Journal of Experimental Psychology: General114159–188
18.
RoschE, 1978“Principles of categorisation” in Cognition and Categorisation Eds RoschELloydB B (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) pp 27–48
TaylorW C, 1885“Three new portraits of Washington”Science6 facing page 528
22.
TverskyA, 1977“Features of similarity”Psychological Review84327–352
23.
ValentineTEndoM, 1992“Towards an exemplar model of face processing: the effects of race and distinctiveness”Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A44671–703
24.
ValentineTFerraraA, 1991“Typicality in categorisation, recognition and identification: evidence from face recognition”British Journal of Psychology8287–102
25.
YoungA WHellawellDHayD C, 1987“Configurational information in face perception”Perception16747–759