Lines in outline pictures may function as surrogates for features of the visible environment, without explicit tutoring in a convention (unlike representation in words). This interpretation of line representation is supported by the finding that drawings from ancient sources—in antipodal regions of the world—contain outline depiction of the same features as are found in modern outline sketches.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ArnheimR., 1954, Art and Visual Perception (University of California Press, Berkeley).
2.
ArnheimR., 1971, Art and Entropy (University of California Press, Berkeley).
3.
AttneaveF., 1971, “Multistability in perception”, Scientific American, 135, 62–71.
4.
BieusheuvelS., 1947, “Psychological tests and their application to non-European peoples”, in Yearbook of Education, Ed. JeffreyG. B. (University of London Press, London).
5.
CliffordW. K., 1946, The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences (Knopf, New York).
6.
CuvayR., 1963, Prehistoric Cave Painting, translated by ShenfieldM. (Methuen, London).
7.
DeregowskiJ. B.MuldrowE. S.MuldrowW. F., 1972, “Pictorial recognition in a remote Ethiopian population”, Perception, 1, 417–425.
8.
GibsonJ. J., 1950, The Perception of the Visual World (Houghton—Mifflin, Boston).
9.
GibsonJ. J., 1951, “What is a form?”, Psychological Review, 58, 403–412.
10.
GibsonJ. J., 1954, “A theory of pictorial perception”, Audio-visual Communication Review, 1, 3–23.
11.
GibsonJ. J., 1960, “Pictures, perspective and perception”, Daedalus, 216–227.
12.
GibsonJ. J., 1966, The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems (Houghton—Mifflin, Boston).
13.
GibsonJ. J., 1971, “The information available in pictures”, Leonardo, 4, 27–35.
14.
GidionS., 1968, “Outline in early art”, Leonardo, 2, 181–192.
15.
GombrichE. H., 1960, Art and Illusion (Princeton University Press, Princeton).
16.
HerskovitsM. J., 1948, Man and His Works (Knopf, New York).
17.
HochbergJ. E., 1962, “The psychophysics of pictorial perception”, Audio-visual Communication Review, 10, 22–54.
18.
HochbergJ. E.BrooksV., 1962, “Pictorial recognition as an unlearned ability”, American Journal of Psychology, 75, 624–628.
19.
HudsonW., 1960, “Pictorial depth perception in sub-cultural groups in Africa”, Journal of Social Psychology, 52, 183–208.
20.
HudsonW., 1967, “The study of the problem of pictorial perception among unacculturated groups”, International Journal of Psychology, 2, 89–107.
21.
KennedyJ. M., 1970, “Outlines and shadows”, paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Miami.
22.
KennedyJ. M., 1971, “Line representation and pictorial perception”, Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University (unpublished).
23.
KennedyJ. M., 1974a, Images and Information (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).
24.
KennedyJ. M., 1974b, “Icons and information”, in 73rd National Society for the Study of Education Yearbook, Ed. OlsonD. (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).
25.
KennedyJ. M. (in press), “Pictures, perception, etcetera”, in Studies in Perception: Essays in honor of J. J. Gibson, Ed. PickH. (Cornell University Press, Ithaca).
26.
KiddD., 1904. The Essential Kafir (Black, London).
27.
LeeR. B.De VoreI., 1968, Man the Hunter (Aldine, New York).
28.
MetzgerW., 1936, Gesetze des Sehens (Kramer, Frankfurt am Main).
29.
Mundy-CastleA. C., 1966, “Pictorial depth perception in Ghanaian children”, International Journal of Psychology, 1, 289–333.
30.
O'ConnorN.HermelinB., 1961, “Like and cross-modality recognition in subnormal children”, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 11, 48–52.
31.
PageH. W., 1970, “Pictorial depth perception: A note”, South African Journal of Psychology, 1, 45–48.
32.
PenroseL. S.PenroseR., 1958, “Impossible objects: A special type of illusion”, British Journal of Psychology, 49, 31–37.
33.
PerkinsD., 1972, “Visual discrimination between rectangular and non-rectangular parallelopipeds”, Perception and Psychophysics, 12, 396–400.
