Although the retinal image changes a great deal with the movement of our head or eyes, we perceive a stable world (a phenomenon known as visual stability or position constancy). Visual stability adaptively changes for each new combination of vision and head motion, or to compensate for manipulated visuo-motor gain. This study aims to investigate the effects of retinal positions on visuo-motor adaptation and to discuss the neural mechanisms involved. I found that visuo-motor adaptation occurred, and was transferable from right to left visual fields (Experiment 1), between the upper and lower visual fields (Experiment 2), and between the central and peripheral visual fields (Experiment 4), and that for the left visual field (Experiment 1) and the large visual field (Experiment 3) visuo-motor adaptations were effective. The dominance of the central vision was found in Experiment 3 but not found in Experiment 4. These results suggest that the visuo-motor adaptation of visual stability was not specific to the retinal location, but is processed by a relatively high level of the perceptual system.
AdelsonE. H.MovshonJ. A. (1982). Phenomenal coherence of moving visual patterns. Nature, 300, 523–525. doi:10.1038/300523a0
2.
BecklenR.WallachH.NitzbergR. (1984). A limitation of position constancy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 713–723. doi:10.1037//0096-1523.10.5.713
3.
BogenJ. E.GazzanigaM. S. (1965). Cerebral commissurotomy in man: Minor hemisphere dominance for certain visuospatial functions. Journal of Neurosurgery, 23, 394–399. doi:10.1126/science.7112125
4.
BrandtT.DichgansJ.KoenigE. (1973). Differential effects of central versus peripheral vision on egocentric motion perception. Experimental Brain Research, 16, 476–491. doi:10.1007/BF00234474
5.
CorballisP. M. (2003). Visuospatial processing and the right-hemisphere interpreter. Brain and Cognition, 53, 171–176. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.09.002
6.
CrowellJ. A.BanksM. S. (1993). Perceiving heading with different retinal regions and types of optic flow. Perception & Psychophysics, 53, 325–337. doi:10.3758/BF03205187
7.
DanckertJ.GoodaleM. A. (2001). Superior performance for visually guided pointing in the lower visual field. Experimental Brain Research, 137, 303–308. doi:10.1007/s002210000653
8.
DanckertJ.GoodaleM. A. (2003). The ups and downs of visual perception. In JohnsonS. H. (Ed.), Cognitive neuroscience perspectives on the problem of intentional action (pp. 29–64). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
9.
DichgansJ.BrandtT. (1978). Visual–vestibular interactions: Effects of self-motion perception and postural control. In HeldR.LeibowitzH. W.TeuberH. L. (Eds.), Handbook of sensory physiology (Vol. 8; pp. 755–804). New York: Springer
10.
DolezalH. (1982). Living in a world transformed: Perceptual and performatory adaptation to visual distortion. New York: Academic Press
11.
GoodaleM. A.MilnerA. D. (1992). Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends in Neurosciences, 15, 20–25. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8
12.
HeS.CavanaghP.IntriligatorJ. (1996). Attentional resolution and the locus of visual awareness. Nature, 383, 334–337. doi:10.1038/383334a0
HowardI. P.HeckmannT. (1989). Circular vection as a function of the relative sizes, distances, and positions of two competing visual displays. Perception, 18, 657–665. doi:10.1068/p180657
16.
IntriligatorJ.CavanaghP. (2001). The spatial resolution of visual attention. Cognitive Psychology, 43, 171–216. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0755
17.
IvanenkoY. P.Viaud-DelmonI.SieglerI.IsraelI.BerthozA. (1998). The vestibulo-ocular reflex and angular displacement perception in darkness in humans: Adaptation to a virtual environment. Neuroscience Letters, 241, 167–170. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00972-5
18.
JohanssonG. (1977). Studies on visual perception of locomotion. Perception, 6, 365–376. doi:10.1068/p060365
19.
KitazakiM.ShimizuA. (2005). Visual-motor adaptation to stabilize perceptual world: Its generality and specificity. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence, Christchurch, New Zealand, 85–90
20.
KitazakiM.ShimojoS. (1998). Surface discontinuity is critical in a moving observer's perception of objects' depth order and relative motion from retinal image motion. Perception, 27, 1153–1176. doi:10.1068/p271153
21.
MaunsellJ. H. R.Van EssenD. C. (1987). Topographical organization of the middle temporal visual area in the macaque monkey: Representation biases and the relationship to callosal connections and myeloarchitectonic boundaries. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 266, 535–555. doi:10.1002/cne.902660407
22.
MikamiA.NewsomeW. T.WurtzR. H. (1986). Motion selectivity in macaque visual cortex. II. Spatiotemporal range of directional interactions in MT and V1. Journal of Neurophysiology, 55, 1328–1339
23.
MilnerA. D.GoodaleM. A. (1995). The visual brain in action. Oxford: Oxford University Press
PosnerM. I.WalkerJ. A.FriedrichF. A.RafalR. D. (1987). How do the parietal lobes direct covert attention?Neuropsychologia, 25, 135–145. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(87)90049-2
26.
PostR. B. (1988). Circular vection is independent of stimulus eccentricity. Perception, 17, 737–744. doi:10.1068/p170737
27.
PrevicF. H. (1990). Functional specialization in the lower and upper visual fields in humans: Its ecological origins and neurophysiological Implications. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13, 519–542
28.
SekiyamaK.MiyauchiS.ImaruokaT.EgusaH.TashiroT. (2000). Body image as a visuomotor transformation device revealed in adaptation to reversed vision. Nature, 407, 374–377. doi:10.1038/35030096
29.
StrattonG. M. (1896). Some preliminary experiments on vision without inversion of the retinal image. Psychological Review, 3, 611–617. doi:10.1037/h0072918
30.
StrattonG. M. (1897a). Vision without inversion of retinal image. Psychological Review, 4, 341–360. doi:10.1037/h0075482
31.
StrattonG. M. (1897b). Vision without inversion of retinal image. Psychological Review, 4, 463–481. doi:10.1037/h0071173
32.
TakaharaK.OkajimaK.TakaseM. (1999). Perceptual learning of visual stability in a virtual environment with conflicting head and retinal motion information. Perception, 28(S), 7
33.
TylerC. M. (1985). Analysis of visual modulation sensitivity. II. Peripheral retina and the role of photoreceptor dimensions. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 393–398. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.2.000393
WallachH. (1987). Perceiving a stable environment when one moves. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 1–27. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.38.1.1
37.
WallachH.CanalT. (1976). Two kinds of adaptation in the constancy of visual direction. Perception & Psychophysics, 19, 445–449. doi:10.3758/BF03199405
38.
WallachH.KravitzJ. H. (1965a). The measurement of the constancy of visual direction and of its adaptation. Psychonomic Science, 2, 217–218
39.
WallachH.KravitzJ. H. (1965b). Rapid adaptation in the constancy of visual direction with active and passive rotation. Psychonomic Science, 3, 165–166
40.
WarrenW. H.KurtzK. J. (1992). The role of central and peripheral vision in perceiving the direction of self-motion. Perception & Psychophysics, 51, 443–454. doi:10.3758/BF03211640
41.
WelchR. B. (1969). Adaptation to prism-distorted vision: The importance of target-pointing. Perception & Psychophysics, 5, 305–309. doi:10.3758/BF03209569
